Form: 10-K

Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

February 28, 2023

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
    FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, OR
    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
    FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                          TO                           

Commission File Number 001-32663
CLEAR CHANNEL OUTDOOR HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
cco-20221231_g1.jpg
Delaware 88-0318078
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4830 North Loop 1604 West, Suite 111
San Antonio, Texas 78249 (210)  547-8800
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class Trading Symbol(s) Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share CCO New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes   No 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.  Yes   No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer       Accelerated filer      Non-accelerated filer      Smaller reporting company   Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes No
As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the common stock beneficially held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $390.9 million based on the closing sales price of the common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes   No 
On February 23, 2023, there were 477,438,803 outstanding shares of common stock (excluding 7,781,852 shares held in treasury).
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, expected to be filed within 120 days of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.



CLEAR CHANNEL OUTDOOR HOLDINGS, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Number
PART I
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
Item 9C.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 16.


Table of Contents
PART I
ITEM 1.  BUSINESS
Overview
Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings, Inc. (the "Company", "we" or "us") is one of the world’s largest out-of-home advertising companies and the only global out-of-home advertising company with scaled presence in the United States ("U.S.") and Europe. With more than 500,000 print and digital displays in 23 countries as of December 31, 2022, we provide customized advertising solutions via our asset portfolio of roadside billboards, urban street furniture, airport advertising displays and other displays. By leveraging the scale, reach and flexibility of our diverse portfolio of assets, we connect advertisers with millions of consumers every month. We believe we are at the forefront of driving innovation in the out-of-home advertising industry, and our dynamic advertising platform is broadening the pool of advertisers using our medium through the expansion of digital displays and the integration of data analytics and programmatic capabilities that deliver measurable campaigns that are simpler to buy.
Prior to May 1, 2019, we were indirectly owned by iHeartCommunications, Inc. and its parent company, iHeartMedia, Inc. (“iHeartMedia”). On May 1, 2019, we separated from, and ceased to be controlled by, iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries. For a full discussion of our corporate history prior to 2020, please refer to the “Corporate History” section in Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 27, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CCO.”
Our Industry
We believe out-of-home advertising enjoys a strong and unique position in the media mix. With over 90% of Americans on the road each week, according to data provided by Scarborough Research in 2022, out-of-home offers advertisers a cost-effective advertising medium to reach consumers along their daily journeys in ways that can drive measurable results. Out-of-home’s large, creative canvases and access to distinctive features, including three-dimensional embellishments, lighting effects and more, provide advertisers an impactful way to tell brand stories. Out-of-home can also provide iconic, strategic locations, with some advertisers maintaining long-term positions to protect their access to key locations. Further, out-of-home can be planned and executed as both a hyper-local, targeted medium and as a scaled, mass-reach medium.
The out-of-home industry is in the midst of a technology-driven transformation, in both format and how it is sold. Modern marketers are looking to target and reach the right audiences with flexibility to change messaging quickly, measure and understand its impact, and to do so with speed, simplicity and transparency. With the growth of digital media and use of audience data, advertisers are able to effectively reach their consumers by selecting the out-of-home inventory that is most likely to be seen by their target audiences, while also being able to alter advertising messages based on environmental conditions, including time of day and weather, breaking news, changes to advertising strategies and other factors, making their advertising messaging more relevant and effective to their target audiences.
The out-of-home industry continues to grow as a result of increased urbanization and consumer mobility, while other traditional forms of media, such as print, television and radio, have lost ad spend market share as they face the challenge of online content migration, which has fragmented their audiences and reduced their reach. According to data published by MAGNA Global in December 2022, global out-of-home revenues are expected to grow at a 4.1% compounded annual growth rate from 2023 to 2027, while other traditional mediums are expected to shrink or remain flat. We believe that the proliferation of content and distribution models will continue to lead to the fragmentation of other media audiences, which, along with growing advertising avoidance and ad-blocking technology, may further enhance the attractiveness of out-of-home as an advertising medium. Out-of-home has also proven to be resilient, particularly in the U.S., as was evidenced by the industry’s bounce-back from the adverse effects of COVID-19.
Out-of-home is a defensible ad medium with differentiating factors for a scaled out-of-home business that we believe provide stability to our market position. Our industry is anchored on a foundation of assets that are hard to replicate because they are highly regulated, subject to proprietary relationships with exclusivity provisions, and require deep operational expertise. The out-of-home sector in the U.S., particularly billboards, is subject to governmental regulation at the federal, state and local levels, and permits to build new inventory have been limited as a result of restrictive laws. This, along with numerous signage ordinances, can make it challenging for new entrants to build roadside out-of-home assets at scale. In U.S. airports and in international markets, barriers to entry arise due to the complexity of operating major advertising concessions in these environments. Airport, transit and street furniture advertising media are often built on exclusive contracts, and developing these out-of-home assets requires robust relationships with elected officials and regulatory authorities in a vast number of municipalities, as well as specialized expertise in operating complex municipal concessions.
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Our Competition
The out-of-home advertising industry is fragmented and highly competitive, consisting of several other large companies such as Outfront Media, Inc. and Lamar Advertising Company in the U.S. and JCDecaux SA in Europe, as well as numerous smaller, local companies operating in a single market or a few local markets. Out-of-home advertising companies compete primarily based on the ability to reach consumers.
We also compete with other advertising media in our respective markets, including mobile, social media, online, broadcast and cable television, radio, print media, direct mail and other forms of advertising. According to data published by MAGNA Global in December 2022, out-of-home advertising accounts for 3% of the advertising market in the U.S. and ranges from 3% to 16% of the advertising market in the European countries in which we operate, with out-of-home’s share of the advertising market varying by country based on a number of factors, including population density, regulation, sociocultural aspects and historic media buying trends.
Our Strategy
We believe the economics of out-of-home are highly attractive at scale, with the finite nature of our inventory allowing us to manage our rates when demand increases. We are focused on driving incremental demand for our out-of-home portfolio by differentiating ourselves from our competition. This, along with enhanced operational efficiencies, can provide sustainable long-term revenue growth, as well as greater Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin and operating cash flows. Our strategy to accomplish these goals is based on three pillars — accelerating our digital transformation, prioritizing customer-centricity and driving executional excellence — which are being implemented together with the optimization of our portfolio, as described below.
Accelerating our Digital Transformation
Technological advances continue to transform the out-of-home advertising sector. Modern marketers expect speed, simplicity and transparency, especially from digital media. To respond to these changing marketplace expectations, we are embracing technology to change the way we do business. We aim to transform into a technology-fueled, visual media leader, making out-of-home advertising as easy to plan, buy and measure as an online campaign, but with increased impact and reduced brand risk. We believe that leveraging our technology investments to innovate and modernize the solutions we offer, and to make our solutions more data-driven, easier to buy and faster to launch, will further improve out-of-home’s value proposition, strengthening our ability to attract more advertisers to our platform and gain share from other media. In order to modernize the solutions we offer our customers, we have continued to invest in our digital transformation and aim to bring a digital mindset to every aspect of our business, from displays to operations.
Growing our Digital Footprint
We were an early adopter of digital display technology, a dynamic medium that enhances out-of-home’s core value proposition by making it even more creative, contextually-relevant and flexible. Conversion of our most customer-demanded inventory to digital continues to be a priority for our business. In 2022, we deployed 109 large format digital billboards in the U.S. We also added 272 digital displays in U.S. and Caribbean airports and 2,299 digital displays in Europe.
Digital assets provide highly attractive economics, enabling us to sell more advertising opportunities and therefore optimizing yield on a per structure basis. Digitization of the asset base has been a proven driver of growth, but we believe it can also be a revenue multiplier. For example, while digital assets represented less than 5% of our U.S. billboard inventory at December 31, 2022 and 2021, they drove 36% of our total U.S. billboard revenue in 2022, up from 34% in 2021.
As previously described, the out-of-home advertising industry is expected to continue to grow faster than other traditional advertising mediums over the long-term, with digital out-of-home driving that growth. According to data published by MAGNA Global in December 2022, digital out-of-home revenues are expected to grow at a 10.5% compounded annual growth rate from 2023 to 2027. We seek to capture a significant share of this growth as we continue to deploy additional digital displays across our business and further invest in our teams and infrastructure to accelerate this process.
Enhancing our RADAR Offering
We continue to develop and improve Clear Channel Outdoor RADAR (“RADAR”), our proprietary and industry-first suite of data-driven solutions for planning, measuring and amplifying the impact of out-of-home advertising. First launched in the U.S. in 2016, RADAR utilizes anonymized and/or aggregated mobile location data insights to help brands reach desired audiences, reengage these audiences across other media platforms, and understand how exposure to an out-of-home advertisement influences consumer behavior. The insights RADAR provides enable our clients to deliver highly customized, targeted and measurable out-of-home campaigns, resulting in a more sophisticated approach to delivering messages to the right audiences in the right locations at the right time. We believe this was an especially valuable tool for our customers during the economic downturn resulting from COVID-19 as traffic patterns and consumer behaviors changed over the course of the pandemic.
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RADAR consists of several solutions, which are built to be interoperable:
RADARView® is our audience and campaign planning tool. It analyzes historical mobile location data to rank each of our displays in terms of its efficiency in reaching various audience segments and provides a map-based interface that combines aggregated demographic data, behavioral insights and location targeting to discover and select the inventory that most efficiently delivers a customer’s desired audience.
RADARConnect® is our campaign amplification solution. It delivers ads across mobile and other devices to re-target audience groups exposed to an out-of-home advertisement, providing clients with a simple, easy-to-activate advertising solution that extends reach of their out-of-home advertising campaigns and drives further impact.
RADARProof® is our suite of campaign measurement and attribution solutions, which uses analysis of anonymized and/or aggregated data to understand the behavior of groups of people after they have been exposed to specific campaign ads, enabling us to measure the impact of our advertisers’ campaigns on a variety of business objectives, including brand attributes, store visitation, app downloads, online engagement, TV viewership, specific product purchases, travel and tourism, and more.
RADARSync® is our data integration platform. It allows us to use customer data across the RADAR tools, enabling customized application of these solutions to customers’ specific audience targets and goals. RADARSync also allows us to send RADAR insights to our customers’ data and analytics platforms in a privacy-compliant manner, giving customers visibility into how out-of-home performed in the context of their other measured media.
In 2020, we launched our RADARView solution in Europe. RADARView is now available in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”), Sweden, Spain, Belgium and Italy, with further European expansion in the pipeline. This offering, including the supplier selection due diligence processes and data collection methods, has been adapted from our U.S. offering and complies with European Union (“E.U.”) and U.K. data privacy laws, including the European General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations.
We continue to strengthen our RADAR offering through a range of partnerships that have further elevated our data analytics capabilities and ability to measure the impact of our assets on consumer reach and decision-making, which is helping to demonstrate the particular attributes of our platform and strengthen our relationships with customers. By continuing to improve audience insights and data solutions to make campaigns more relevant, we believe we can drive continued revenue growth.
Building on our Programmatic Presence
We continue to enhance the value proposition of our programmatic solution set, which uses automated technology, data and algorithms to offer a streamlined, flexible buying process and greater audience targeting and ad measurement capabilities through real-time, biddable digital marketplaces. The programmatic offering introduces efficiency to the out-of-home sales process by enabling advertisers to easily buy ads across a range of publishers, giving them the ability to manage their campaigns on a self-service basis and empowering them with a level of flexibility similar to online platforms. Demand Side Platforms (“DSPs”) help advertisers buy efficiently through preset buying parameters, which the platform uses to transact in real time, with analysis for optimization of reach, impact, pricing and outcomes. Supply Side Platforms allow publishers like us to connect their inventory to multiple DSPs at once, exposing available inventory to multiple potential buyers while also giving the publisher control over pricing.
Programmatic out-of-home is still an emerging channel, but we believe it, along with other automated trading platforms, will drive significant growth in the digital out-of-home sector as it has across other digital media types, enabling us to tap into demand from digital marketers who prefer to transact programmatically and work with customers who otherwise would not be buying out-of-home. In the U.S., we have been at the forefront of the programmatic out-of-home space since we pioneered the use of the private marketplace buy type in 2016, and with our differentiated inventory, dedicated sales team, robust technology infrastructure, innovative data solutions and deep industry relationships, we believe we are well-positioned to drive growth and build our leadership position in this expanding market. In 2021, we announced a branded programmatic proposition in Europe called Clear Channel LaunchPAD, which is currently live in France, the U.K., Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Finland and the Netherlands. With approximately 12,000 screens available as of December 31, 2022 to buy programmatically across these markets, we are one of the leading programmatic media owners in Europe. We also have a programmatic offering in Latin America.
Digitalizing our Operations
We are also investing in digital infrastructure to automate processes involved across the campaign cycle, with the purpose of significantly reducing the time involved in pursuing, winning and executing on contracts. We aim to continuously improve the customer experience across each element of our end-to-end workflow and have made significant progress in our U.S. business, as follows:
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Planning. We unified our approach to inventory management by creating a real-time view into inventory availability, purchasing history and pricing, and we introduced a team that supports our entire sales organization with a fast-response service, giving visibility into real-time demand and utilization.
Buying. We developed a comprehensive system for electronic order processing that captures all relevant data throughout the buying process, and we are further transforming the customer order experience with the exploration of self-service, direct buying opportunities and other direct customer interaction capabilities.
Activation. We continue to improve and modernize the systems, software and process infrastructure supporting campaign installations. For example, we automated the generation and delivery of creative production specification sheets, use QR codes to efficiently track and manage printed materials, and introduced technology to optimize installation routes.
Reporting and invoicing. We updated our proof-of-performance tools through the use of mobile devices and high quality digital cameras, providing our customers with the ability to verify, in real-time, that their campaigns have been executed. Our Proof-of-Performance reports are now published real-time through our Clear Channel Outdoor Clear Access application, which is directly integrated into our orders system, allowing for faster invoicing and payments.
Similarly, we continue to invest in digitalizing processes in our European business to improve customer experience, business insights and efficiency, including implementing new or improved technologies in certain of our European markets to better manage marketing, sales, orders, campaigns and operations, with plans to be scaled across our European business.
Prioritizing Customer-Centricity
We seek to further differentiate our products through sales and service and are focused on understanding the needs and desires of various existing and potential customers to make the right investments. We believe we can unlock growth and value by taking a more nuanced approach to our customer segmentation, and accordingly, adding sales channels to better serve the needs of more customer segments is one of our key strategies to access previously unavailable advertising budgets and drive incremental demand. We believe segmenting our customer base by size is an appropriate way to manage and serve customers, as follows:
Local and regional clients. We believe these advertisers are highly influenced by trust and long-standing relationships and rely upon our sales team’s focused market knowledge and expertise, which requires high-touch, ongoing customer service.
Large national advertisers. We are focused on opening doors, building relationships and educating decision-makers to further tap into this market. As we navigate an increasingly complex agency model, in the U.S. we have expanded our traditional Account Executive model with an Agency Partnerships team that is charged with building relationships with the influencers and decision-makers who can impact budget allocations on the front-end. National advertisers are often looking for innovations and first-to-market opportunities, which have led to opportunities for collaboration with our Client Solutions Team, which is charged with selling directly to marketers and driving a customer needs assessment.
Small businesses. We believe these customers, who represent an emerging opportunity for us, are looking for simple, flexible ways to drive their business. We are in the early stages of building a new approach to better serve their needs and believe this opportunity is led by automation, data and simplification of the buying process.
Driving Executional Excellence
To respond to customers’ increasing desire for faster response times and results, we are focused on increasing the speed, quality and repeatability of our key business processes through measurable outcomes, which we have defined as “executional excellence.” We believe that this focus on executional excellence is what enables us to make progress on our other strategic pillars of digital transformation and customer-centricity. Some of our strategic initiatives underlying this pillar include:
Investing in growth and development opportunities for our real estate asset portfolio by managing our existing pipeline and delivering digital conversions in accordance with a plan designed to match ad capacity within growth markets;
Driving revenue growth opportunities through an increased focus on key account development and management, sales pipeline visibility and management, training to enhance the negotiation skills of our sales teams, and enabling sales team collaboration across channels;
Driving “Speed to Market” in our print installation operations by offering better-than-market guarantees to our customers focused on timely execution of campaign delivery (for example, managing the fulfillment process to have all creative in a campaign up within a more narrowly defined window than the typical industry standard);
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Advancing the development of a central digital operations center that provides efficiency in monitoring and managing our large-format digital displays in the U.S. with a focus on digital uptime performance designed to maximize value to our customers; and
Focusing on talent acquisition and our employee value proposition, which is designed to retain and reward strong performers, as further described in the “Our Human Capital Resources” section below.
Optimizing our Portfolio
Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) has authorized a review of strategic alternatives for our European businesses, including the potential disposal of certain of our lower-margin European assets (and/or other European assets of lower priority to our European business as a whole), while retaining, for now, our higher-margin European assets. In December 2022, we announced that we entered into an agreement to sell our business in Switzerland to Goldbach Group AG, an affiliate of TX Group AG. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions.
Our reviews of our European businesses remain ongoing. However, there can be no assurance that these reviews will result in any additional transactions or particular outcomes. We have not set a timetable for completion of these reviews, may suspend the processes at any time and do not intend to make further announcements regarding the processes for our European businesses unless and until our Board approves a specific course of action for which further disclosure is appropriate.
Our Business Segments
Historically, we had two reportable business segments: Americas, which consisted of operations primarily in the U.S., and Europe, which consisted of operations in Europe and Singapore. Our remaining operating segment of Latin America did not meet the quantitative threshold to qualify as a reportable segment and was disclosed as “Other.”
During the fourth quarter of 2022, we revised our segments to reflect changes in the way our business is managed and the way we allocate resources. Effective December 31, 2022, we have four reportable business segments: America, which consists of our U.S. operations excluding airports; Airports, which includes revenue from U.S. and Caribbean airports; Europe-North, which consists of operations in the U.K., the Nordics and several other countries throughout northern and central Europe; and Europe-South, which consists of operations in France, Switzerland, Spain and Italy. Our remaining operations in Latin America and Singapore are disclosed as “Other.” America, Airports, Europe-North, Europe-South and Other represented 45%, 10%, 23%, 19% and 3%, respectively, of our 2022 revenue.
America and Airports
Overview
We are one of the largest out-of-home advertising companies in the U.S., with presence in 40 of the 50 largest Designated Market Areas (“DMAs”), including each of the top 20 markets as of December 31, 2022.
Our America segment inventory footprint of more than 57,500 displays as of December 31, 2022 is concentrated primarily in larger markets, with the majority of our revenue generated from large-format billboards that are generally located along major expressways, primary commuting routes and main intersections. Our footprint is protected by certain barriers to entry for traditional large-format roadside advertising, as well as our operational expertise and the strong working relationships required with landlords and local governments. Our America segment generated 45%, 45% and 46% of our revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Our Airports segment had approximately 12,300 displays across nearly 200 commercial and private airports in the U.S. and the Caribbean as of December 31, 2022, making us the largest airport advertising specialist in the U.S. Our airport advertising contracts generally include exclusivity provisions, with the Company having an exclusive right to sell advertising space within a specific airport. Our Airports segment generated 10%, 7% and 7% of our revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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Sources of Revenue
America
Revenue from our America segment was $1,105.6 million, $1,013.3 million and $853.2 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table shows the percentage of total America revenue by product category in each of these years:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Billboards:
Bulletins 73  % 74  % 75  %
Posters 12  % 12  % 13  %
Spectaculars/wallscapes % % %
Street furniture displays % % %
Other % % %
Total 100  % 100  % 100  %
Note: Due to rounding, totals may not equal the sum of the items in the table above.
Digital displays accounted for 34%, 33% and 29% of our America revenue during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This percentage has increased over time as we have continued to invest in digital displays, which is a key part of our strategy.
Billboards. Our America billboard inventory is available in both printed and digital formats and includes the following sub-categories:
Bulletins, which are most commonly 14 feet high by 48 feet wide, are the largest and among the most impactful standard-sized out-of-home media formats. They are generally located along major expressways, primary commuting routes and main intersections that are highly visible and heavily trafficked. Our customers may contract for individual bulletins or a network of bulletins, meaning their advertisements are rotated within the network to increase the reach of the campaign. The duration of our customer contracts for traditional bulletin displays are typically 12 weeks or longer.
Posters, which can vary in size but are commonly approximately 11 feet high by 23 feet wide, are often used as a full market coverage medium for reach and frequency, while junior posters, which are approximately 5 feet high by 11 feet wide, are often used for their proximity to retail outlets where they can stimulate sales. Posters are generally located in commercial areas on primary and secondary routes near point-of-purchase locations, and advertising space on these displays is generally purchased in four-week periods. Premiere Panels, which use one or more poster panels but with vinyl advertising stretched over the panels similar to bulletins, are innovative hybrids between bulletins and posters that we developed to provide our customers with an alternative for their targeted marketing campaigns, combining the creative impact of bulletins with the additional reach and frequency of posters.
Spectaculars are large, elaborate, customized display structures that are designed to gain maximum attention with eye-catching special effects, such as video, multi-dimensional lettering and figures, mechanical devices, moving parts and other embellishments. Customer contracts for these displays, which are located in New York City's Times Square and Las Vegas, typically have terms of at least one year. A wallscape is a display that drapes over, or is suspended from, the sides of buildings or other structures. Custom-designed for long-term exposure, wallscapes often become landmarks in a city. The majority of our wallscapes are located in Los Angeles and New York City’s Times Square, and advertising space on these displays is generally purchased for extended periods.
Street Furniture Displays. Our America street furniture displays, which are available in both printed and digital formats, include advertising surfaces on bus shelters, information kiosks, newsracks and other public structures and are primarily located in major metropolitan areas and along major commuting routes. We are generally responsible for the construction and maintenance of these structures, and we often sell advertising on these displays as part of a network package that includes multiple displays. Advertising space on street furniture displays is generally purchased in four-week periods.
Other. In the majority of our markets, our local creative and operations staff can perform the full range of activities required to create and/or install advertising copy, including creating the advertising copy design and layout, coordinating its printing and installing the copy on displays. The remainder of the revenue from our America segment consists largely of fees related to these activities, including vinyl or poster orders, production, embellishments and installation services. Other revenue also includes revenue from transit displays, which are advertising surfaces within the common areas of rail stations and on various types of vehicles, including on the interior and exterior sides of buses, trains and trams, as well as other non-advertising revenue.
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The following table provides a market-by-market view of America printed, digital and total revenue from our top 15 U.S. markets during 2022:
Market Printed Revenue Digital Revenue Total Revenue
Los Angeles 17  % % 14  %
San Francisco/Bay Area % % %
New York % 11  % %
Dallas % % %
Miami % % %
Houston % % %
Atlanta % % %
Philadelphia % % %
Washington, D.C./Baltimore % % %
Chicago % % %
Boston % % %
Orlando % % %
Minneapolis % % %
Las Vegas % % %
Tampa % % %
All other markets 24  % 19  % 22  %
Total America(1)
100  % 100  % 100  %
(1)Due to rounding, the total may not equal the sum of the percentages in the table above.
The following table quantifies the number of displays in our America segment as of December 31, 2022, disaggregated by our top 15 U.S. markets and product type:
Market Printed Billboard Displays Other Printed Displays Digital Billboard Displays Other Digital Displays Total Displays
Percentage of Total Displays(1)
Los Angeles 3,938 3,727 82 7,747 13  %
San Francisco/Bay Area 1,133 4,377 40 294 5,844 10  %
New York 787 5 60 852 %
Dallas 2,426 153 2,579 %
Miami 1,323 443 83 1,849 %
Houston 2,115 40 2,155 %
Atlanta 1,721 199 1,920 %
Philadelphia 2,605 1,144 60 3,809 %
Washington, D.C./Baltimore 1,680 1,546 38 146 3,410 %
Chicago 2,978 6,304 79 19 9,380 16  %
Boston 1,304 95 65 2 1,466 %
Orlando 1,237 86 1,323 %
Minneapolis 1,135 5 74 4 1,218 %
Las Vegas 763 83 846 %
Tampa 930 91 1,021 %
All other markets 8,845 2,748 440 90 12,123 21  %
Total America 34,920 20,394 1,673 555 57,542 100  %
(1)Due to rounding, the total may not equal the sum of the percentages in the table above.
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Airports
Our Airports segment provides advertising opportunities around and within U.S. and Caribbean airports. Airport advertising displays, which allow advertisers to target travelers with their message at key touchpoints throughout the passenger journey, are available in printed, digital and experiential formats and include a variety of solutions, including custom exhibits and interactive displays. The duration of our customer contracts generally range from four weeks to one year, although some are longer.
Revenue from our Airports segment was $256.4 million, $160.3 million and $123.8 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with digital displays accounting for 57%, 54% and 45% of this revenue during each of these years. Airports revenue was most significantly impacted by lockdowns and mobility restrictions resulting from COVID-19 but returned to 2019 (pre-COVID-19) levels in the fourth quarter of 2021, driven by the rebound in travel as well as our continued investments in our Airports segment. As of December 31, 2022, our Airports segment had approximately 12,300 displays, including more than 2,500 digital displays.
Rates
Our advertising rates are based on a number of different factors, including location, competition, size of display, board occupancy, illumination, market and gross rating points (the total number of impressions delivered by a display or group of displays, expressed as a percentage of market population). The number of impressions delivered by a display is measured by independent organizations that provide audience measurement for the out-of-home industry in the U.S. using a range of dynamic data sources, including anonymous location and trip data from hundreds of millions of smartphones, to understand the number of people passing a display during a defined period of time, along with insights into their demographic characteristics. The margins on our billboard contracts tend to be higher than those on contracts for other displays due to their greater size, impact and location along major roadways that are highly trafficked.
Operations
We generally outsource the fabrication and manufacturing of advertising structures to third parties and regularly seek competitive bids. We use a number of vetted suppliers located throughout the U.S. with the objective of enhancing competition, meeting demand requirements and minimizing time and cost of logistics, and we use a mix of internal and external resources for product installation. For digital displays, we use a number of vetted domestic suppliers for LED and LCD products. Any digital display product not manufactured domestically is purchased through a number of domestic distributors.
Printed advertising copy, which is oftentimes supplied by the advertiser or a third party, is primarily printed with computer-generated graphics on a single sheet of vinyl or polyethylene material. These prints are then transported to the display site and secured to the display surface, either by being wrapped around the face of the site or affixed to a hardware anchoring system on the display site. Digital displays are linked through centralized computer systems to simultaneously and rapidly change advertising copy on a large number of displays as needed. Our operational process also includes conducting visual inspections of our inventory for display defects and taking necessary corrective action within a reasonable period of time.
America
The majority of the advertising structures on which our billboards are located require various permits, which are granted for the right to build, maintain and operate an advertising structure as long as the structure is used in compliance with state and local laws and regulations. Permits are typically granted by the state and/or local government and are typically transferable or renewable for a minimal fee or no fee. We typically own the physical structures on which our customers’ advertising copy is displayed. We manage the construction of our structures centrally and erect them on sites we either lease or own or for which we have acquired permanent easements or executed long-term management agreements. The site lease terms generally range from 1 to 20 years, with options to renew in many cases. We believe that our properties are in good condition and suitable for our operations. No one property is material to our overall operations.
We are also generally responsible for the construction and maintenance of street furniture structures. Our rights to place these structures in the public domain and to sell advertising on such structures are governed by contracts awarded by municipal and transit authorities in competitive bidding processes governed by local law. These contracts generally have terms ranging from 5 to 15 years and may contain renewal options. As compensation for the right to sell advertising space on these structures, we pay the municipality or transit authority a minimum fee and/or a share of the advertising revenue we earn on the related displays, depending upon the terms of the contract.
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Airports
Our rights to place displays around and within airports and to sell advertising space on such displays are generally awarded by public transit authorities in competitive bidding processes or may be negotiated with private transit operators. These contracts generally have terms ranging from 5 to 10 years and may contain renewal options. As compensation for the right to sell advertising space on these displays, we pay the transit authority or operator a minimum fee or a share of the advertising revenue we earn on the displays, depending upon the terms of the contract.
Europe-North and Europe-South
Overview
We operate in many countries throughout Europe and have consistently ranked as a top out-of-home provider in these countries. Europe out-of-home advertising is an urban medium: our portfolio is focused on densely populated metropolitan areas, and street furniture displays are our largest source of advertising revenue. Located at the heart of cities and close to the point-of-sale, street furniture displays have a location advantage, which advertisers leverage to drive foot traffic to their retail locations and influence purchasing decisions. The majority of our customers are advertisers targeting national or regional audiences whose business generally is placed with us through media or advertising agencies.
Our Europe-North segment includes 12 countries — the U.K., Sweden, Norway, Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Poland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania — and had approximately 260,000 displays as of December 31, 2022, including approximately 13,700 digital displays. This segment generated 23%, 23% and 22% of our revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Our Europe-South segment consists of operations in France, Switzerland, Spain and Italy and had approximately 170,000 displays as of December 31, 2022, including approximately 5,900 digital displays. This segment generated 19%, 21% and 21% of our revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Sources of Revenue
Europe-North
Revenue from our Europe-North segment was $566.1 million, $518.0 million and $406.8 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table shows the percentage of total Europe-North revenue by product category in each of these years:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Street furniture displays 50% 53% 52%
Billboards 11% 11% 11%
Retail displays 18% 17% 16%
Transit displays 14% 9% 11%
Other 7% 10% 10%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Note: Due to rounding, totals may not equal the sum of the items in the table above.
Digital displays accounted for 53%, 48% and 44% of our Europe-North revenue during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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Europe-South
Revenue from our Europe-South segment was $467.1 million, $472.4 million and $385.3 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table shows the percentage of total Europe-South revenue by product category in each of these years:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Street furniture displays 52% 49% 44%
Billboards 22% 24% 28%
Retail displays 13% 13% 13%
Transit displays 7% 6% 6%
Other 7% 8% 9%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Note: Due to rounding, totals may not equal the sum of the items in the table above.
Digital displays accounted for 23%, 20% and 17% of our Europe-South revenue during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Product Descriptions
Street Furniture Displays. Our Europe street furniture displays, which are available in both printed and digital formats, include advertising surfaces on bus shelters, freestanding units, various types of kiosks, telephone boxes and other public structures. Our printed street furniture is sold to customers as either network packages of multiple street furniture displays or by individual unit, with contract terms generally ranging from one to two weeks.
Billboards. Our Europe billboards vary in size across our networks, with the majority being similar in size to the posters used in our America segment. Our Europe billboard inventory is primarily comprised of classic and premium billboards and is available in both printed and digital formats. They are primarily sold to clients as network packages with contract terms typically ranging from one to two weeks, although terms of up to one year are also available in certain circumstances.
Classic billboards are available in a variety of formats across our Europe markets and generally are located in commercial areas on primary and secondary routes near point-of-purchase locations, facilitating advertising campaigns with greater breadth of demographic targeting than those displayed on premium billboards.
Premium billboards, which are typically larger in format, generally are located along major expressways and motorways, primary commuting routes and main intersections that are highly visible and heavily trafficked, as well as iconic city center locations. Our customers may contract for individual billboards or a network of billboards. Because of their greater size, impact and flexibility, we typically receive our highest rates for digital premium billboards.
Retail Displays. Our Europe retail displays, which are available in both printed and digital formats, are mainly standalone advertising structures in retail outlets such as malls and supermarkets. The terms of our customer contracts for these displays generally range from one to two weeks.
Transit Displays. Our Europe transit displays, which are available in both printed and digital formats, consist of advertising surfaces on various types of vehicles or within transit systems, including on the interior and exterior sides of buses, trains, trams and within the common areas of rail stations and airports. The terms of our customer contracts for these displays generally range from one week to one year, although some are longer.
Other. The remaining revenue from our Europe segments consists primarily of advertising revenue from other small displays, production revenue and non-advertising revenue from the following sources:
Sales of street furniture equipment and cleaning and maintenance services. In several of our European markets, we sell equipment or provide cleaning and maintenance services as part of street furniture contracts with municipalities.
Operation of public bike programs. We also have public bicycle rental programs that provide bicycles for rent to the general public in several municipalities. In exchange for operating these bike rental programs, we generally derive revenue from advertising rights to the bikes, bike stations, additional street furniture displays and/or a share of rental income from the local municipalities.
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Rates
Advertising rates generally are based on the gross ratings points (the total number of impressions delivered by a display or group of displays, expressed as a percentage of market population). In some of the countries where we have operations, the number of impressions delivered by a display is weighted to account for such factors as illumination, proximity to other displays, and the speed and viewing angle of approaching traffic.
Operations
We generally outsource the design and manufacturing of advertising structures to third parties and regularly seek competitive bids. We use a wide range of suppliers located in many of our markets, although much of our inventory is manufactured in China and the U.K. For digital displays, specialist suppliers are used to supply the LCD or LED technology, and there may be additional factors, such as electrical supply and network connectivity, involved during design and construction. We believe that our properties are in good condition and suitable for our operations. No one property is material to our overall operations.
Media or advertising agencies often provide our customers creative services to design and produce advertising copy, which is delivered to us either in digital format or in the traditional format of physical printed advertisements. Digital advertisements are received by our content management system and then distributed to our digital displays, which are linked through centralized computer systems to simultaneously and rapidly change messages throughout the course of a day. Paper and vinyl printed advertisements are shipped to centralized warehouses operated by us or third parties. The copy is then sorted and delivered to sites where it is installed on our displays by our own employees or subcontractors who also clean and maintain the sites. The decision to use our own employees or subcontractors is made on a market-by-market basis taking into consideration the mix of products in the market and local labor costs.
We generally build our portfolios of advertising locations by entering into medium to long-term contracts with landlords such as municipalities, private individuals and shopping malls. Upfront investment and ongoing maintenance costs vary across contracts.
Our rights to place street furniture in the public domain and to sell advertising on such street furniture are governed by contracts awarded by municipal and transit authorities, which typically provide for terms ranging up to 15 years. Municipal contracts typically require us to provide the municipality with a broad range of metropolitan amenities such as bus shelters with or without advertising panels, information kiosks, public wastebaskets and space for the municipality to display maps or other public information. In exchange for providing such metropolitan amenities and display space, we are authorized to sell advertising space on certain sections of the structures we erect in the public domain. We pay the municipality or transit authority a fee or revenue share that is either a fixed amount or a percentage of the revenue derived from the displays and are typically required to pay minimum guaranteed amounts.
We lease the majority of our billboard sites from private landowners, typically for terms ranging up to 15 years.
Our rights to place displays in retail locations and to sell advertising space on them generally are awarded by retail outlet operators such as large retailers or mall operators, either through private tenders or bilateral negotiations. These contracts generally have terms ranging from three to ten years.
Similar to street furniture, our rights to place transit displays on vehicles or within transit systems and to sell advertising space on them generally are awarded by public transit authorities in competitive bidding processes or are negotiated with private transit operators. These contracts generally have terms ranging from two to five years.
Other
We also have operations in Latin America, including in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Peru, and in Singapore. Most of our revenue from these operations is generated from the sale of advertising space on billboard, street furniture and retail displays, and as of December 31, 2022, this portfolio included approximately 7,600 displays, including more than 1,000 digital displays. Our Latin America and Singapore businesses generated 3%, 3% and 3% of our revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
On April 28, 2020, following a strategic review of our investment in China, we sold our 50.91% stake in Clear Media Limited (“Clear Media”), a company based in China whose ordinary shares were, at the time, listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Our stake in Clear Media generated 2% of our revenue in 2020.
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Seasonality, COVID-19 and Macroeconomic Trends
We typically experience our weakest financial performance in the first quarter of the calendar year, which is generally offset during the remainder of the year as our business typically experiences its strongest performance in the second and fourth quarters of the calendar year. However, our seasonal results in 2020 and 2021 varied from historical trends as COVID-19 had a significant adverse impact on our results of operations during 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. As restrictions eased and vaccine programs were rolled out, we saw increases in mobility and corresponding positive trends in revenue, with consolidated revenue returning to growth in the second quarter of 2021 as compared to the prior year. However, we did not experience a return to our pre-COVID-19 historical seasonal levels of revenue until the fourth quarter of 2021.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented various savings initiatives to increase our liquidity and preserve and strengthen our financial flexibility, including negotiating rent abatements with landlords and municipalities, receiving governmental support and subsidies, executing restructuring plans to reduce headcount and related costs, and reducing or deferring capital expenditures. As our operating performance improved, we reduced or ceased many of these temporary operating cost savings initiatives and increased our investment in our business through additional capital expenditures and asset acquisitions. By remaining focused on our strategic plan during the period in which we were adversely affected by COVID-19, we strengthened our presence in the advertising community, and as our markets re-opened, we saw consistent improvements in revenue. We believe this rebound, together with new advertisers discovering our medium, will continue to drive growth in many of our markets in 2023 ahead of pre-COVID-19 revenue levels, demonstrating the resilience of our business.
Advertising revenue for our business is highly correlated to changes in gross domestic product (“GDP”) as advertising spending has historically trended in line with GDP, both domestically and internationally. Additionally, our international results are impacted by the economic conditions in the foreign markets in which we operate and by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. In early 2022, worldwide inflation began to increase. In response to heightened levels of inflation, central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, increased interest rates, resulting in an increase in our weighted average cost of debt. Additionally, during 2022, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the Euro and British pound sterling, among other European currencies, resulting in an adverse impact on reported results in our Europe segments. The U.S. dollar may continue to strengthen against these foreign currencies if the U.S. Federal Reserve further raises the federal funds rate, which may result in downstream impacts to global exchange rates and further adverse impacts to our reported results in our Europe segments. Inflation has affected our performance as a result of higher costs for employees, electricity, materials and equipment; however, we believe we have partially offset these higher costs by increasing the effective advertising rates for most of our products, and to date, we have not suffered material impacts from the heightened levels of global inflation. The market risks that our business is subject to are further described in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We’re continuing to monitor developments impacting the global economy. Out-of-home growth has been fairly resilient over time, and as of early 2023, we have not seen signs of a slowdown in our business. However, as we demonstrated during COVID-19, we believe we have the levers to manage our costs should that need arise, and we remain committed to ensuring we have ample liquidity on our balance sheet.
Regulation of our Business
Regulations have a significant impact on the out-of-home advertising industry and our business. We are subject to a wide variety of local, state and federal laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate, including:
land use laws and zoning restrictions;
environmental, health and safety laws and regulations applicable to an owner or operator of real estate properties and facilities, and which relate to the use, storage, disposal, emission and release of hazardous and non-hazardous substances;
laws and regulations related to consumer protection, information security, data protection, privacy and unauthorized access to, or acquisition of, personally identifiable information (“PII”);
laws and regulations that seek to impose taxes on revenue from out-of-home advertising and on personal property and leasehold interests in advertising locations; and
laws and regulations related to labor and employment, human rights, anti-bribery and competition matters.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, compliance with regulations applicable to us did not have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position, and at this time, we do not expect to incur material capital expenditures related to compliance with regulations during 2023. Additional information about the impact of government regulations on our business is provided below and in Item 1A, “Risk Factors—Regulatory Risks” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Industry Regulation
In the U.S., the Highway Beautification Act (“HBA”) regulates out-of-home advertising on Federal-Aid Primary, Interstate and National Highway Systems roads within the U.S. The HBA regulates, among other matters, the size and placement of billboards and requires the development of state standards and compliance programs for the effective control of billboards. We are not aware of any state that has passed control statutes and regulations less restrictive than the prevailing federal requirements. All states have passed billboard control statutes and regulations that regulate, among other things, construction, repair, maintenance, lighting, height, size, spacing, placement and permitting of out-of-home advertising structures. Local governments generally include billboard control as part of their zoning laws and building codes. Each of the international countries in which we operate has its own regulatory regime or, in some cases, more than one regulatory regime. These regulations generally limit the size, placement, nature, density and content of out-of-home displays. In addition, many of these regulations set specific guidelines for the development of new out-of-home locations and address the construction, repair, maintenance, lighting, upgrading, height, size, spacing, location and permitting of billboards, as well as the use of new technologies for changing displays, such as digital displays. Some existing regulations in the U.S. and across some international jurisdictions restrict or prohibit digital billboards.
Privacy and Data Protection
We obtain certain types of information from users of our technology platforms, including our websites, web pages, interactive features, social media pages and mobile applications. We also obtain anonymous and/or aggregated audience behavior insights about consumers from vetted third-party data providers. We use and share this information for a variety of business purposes and may coordinate out-of-home client campaigns with online advertising campaigns run by our business partners, including interstitial ads and push notifications. In addition, we collect PII from our employees, advertising clients, users of our public bike services, individuals who provide such information through our websites, our business partners and consumers who interact with our digital panels, including through QR codes and beacon technology. Collecting and processing PII subjects us to a number of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to consumer protection, information security, data protection, privacy and risks of unauthorized access to, or acquisition of, PII. U.S. and international information security and data protection laws require companies to implement specific information security controls and legal protections for certain types of PII. Likewise, every state in the U.S. and most other countries have laws in place requiring companies to notify users if there is a security breach that compromises certain categories of their PII. Several states have enacted legislation protecting privacy rights. Internationally, there are a number of regimes across the jurisdictions where we operate that govern privacy and the collection and use of personal data. We have implemented a legal and information security-led approach to address our compliance obligations in line with our legal obligations and risk profile. We are also in the process of adapting our data transfer mechanisms in accordance with significant E.U. privacy case law.
Our Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2022, we had more than 4,700 employees, including approximately 1,600 employees in the U.S. and more than 2,600 employees in Europe, with the remainder in Latin America and Asia. We believe that attracting, motivating and retaining great people who allow us to continue delivering innovative advertising insights and solutions to our customers while enhancing our communities is a critical component of our continued success and position as an industry leader.
We continually focus on talent acquisition, employee development and employee retention. We have an annual talent identification process and development programs in place to ensure we have sufficient succession planning strategies for critical roles, and we have a robust annual goal-setting and performance management process to ensure all employees have a connection and purpose aligned to our overall company goals. We strive to create strong teams and an inclusive and vibrant culture at every level of our organization through our core values of integrity, innovation, excellence, safety and fairness, as well as our focus on the employee value proposition, which focuses on compensation, benefits, work environment, career development and culture.
We believe people can achieve their full potential when they enjoy their work, so it is our priority to provide a workplace where growth, success and fun go hand in hand. We formally survey our employees on a periodic and ongoing basis to measure engagement and identify areas for improvement. In 2021, we launched employee engagement/fairness surveys in the U.S. and Europe and received response rates of over 85%, with our overall engagement scores up from previous years. In 2022, we conducted another employee engagement survey in the U.S. Our response rate was 83% and overall engagement was up four points from last year, a significant and positive result. Leaders have communicated results, and action planning to sustain and improve engagement is underway.
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Compensation and Benefits Programs
Our compensation and benefits programs are designed to attract, retain and motivate talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives, help us achieve our strategic goals and create long-term value for our stockholders. We provide employees with market-competitive compensation packages that include base salary and annual incentive bonuses tied to Company and division financial, operational and strategic objectives and individual performance targets, in line with our pay-for-performance philosophy. Recognition is provided through quarterly newsletters and an annual formal recognition program. Our sales employees are incentivized through sales commission programs, with our highest performing individuals further awarded through formal recognition programs. Our executives and certain other employees receive long-term equity awards that vest based on our relative total shareholder return or over a defined period. We believe that a compensation program with both short-term and long-term awards provides fair and competitive compensation and aligns employee and stockholder interests.
We also provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of affordable and convenient healthcare and insurance benefits, programs to help ensure financial security, enhanced wellness initiatives, retirement savings plans and various other benefits, including paid parental leave, time off to volunteer in our communities, and voluntary benefits such as long-term care insurance, discounted auto and home insurance, and several others.
Advancing Diversity and Inclusion
We are an equal opportunity employer and are committed to providing a work environment that is free of discrimination and harassment. We respect and embrace diversity of background, thought and experience and believe that a diverse workforce produces more innovative insights and solutions, resulting in better products and services for our customers. As we bring brands face-to-face with people, we believe our teams need to be as diverse in their composition and outlook as the audiences we reach every day, and we work together to create an inclusive environment where everyone can bring their true selves to work. Based on the latest data collected, as of August 2022, approximately 41% of our total employee population in the U.S. was female and approximately 36% identified as people of color. As of the same date, approximately 36% of our total employee population in Europe and Latin America was female.
We have an ongoing priority to enhance the diversity of our workforce and have implemented diversity and inclusion strategies to amplify our outreach to diverse talent pools across our global business. To further promote a diverse and inclusive environment, we have dedicated Diversity and Inclusion committees in all of our divisions that run engagement programs aimed at improving the experience of diverse groups across our Company. We have also deployed a training curriculum for employees designed to raise diversity and inclusion awareness and surveyed employees globally to identify and prioritize company-wide initiatives.
In the last few years, we led several key diversity and inclusion initiatives, including deepening our involvement with our communities by using our digital out-of-home displays to amplify diversity celebrations and building a sense of inclusion across the workplace through Employee Resource Groups with the mission of providing a safe, welcoming and supportive environment to empower employees to fearlessly address their unique needs and perspectives.
Commitment to Safety and Wellness
Safety is one of our core values, and we are committed to providing our employees with a safe workplace and prioritizing the physical and mental health and well-being of our employees. One of the ways in which we do this is by offering several programs across our regions, including our Mental Health Allies program, an internal network of trained employees who can provide support about mental health in the workplace, and an Employee Assistance Program, which gives employees access to licensed professional counselors and other specialists at no cost for help with balancing work and life issues.
We also seek to comply with safety regulations in our local markets. Our health and safety management systems are subject to regular inspections and independent audits performed by trained health and safety auditors. In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to monitor the regulations and local health authority guidance related to COVID-19 and update our robust safety policies and protocols as needed to protect our employees based on evolving local conditions.
Career Development Initiatives
This year, we formalized our U.S. Mentorship Program. Mentor and mentee matches are based on professional and personal interests, and both parties receive coaching and training through a carefully crafted process. Surveys are administered throughout the relationship to recognize achievements and provide guidance to participants.
In Europe, we have our “Bright Sparks” program, which is a talent program designed for our promising future leaders and experts. It enables participants to develop their skills and career through experience-driven workshops, mentoring and coaching sessions, allowing them to reflect on their purpose and career path while also learning about the business.
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Community Involvement
One of our guiding principles is making a difference in the communities we serve, and our corporate social responsibility initiatives are an important part of our culture. As a company, we endeavor to use our resources and products to make meaningful contributions to our communities and have collaborated with local and national organizations globally in initiatives to improve health and public safety; to create a sustainable environment; and to promote arts, education and cultural diversity. We also believe that building connections between our employees, their families and our communities creates a more meaningful, fulfilling and enjoyable workplace, and we provide employees the opportunity to give back to their communities. For example, our U.S. employees provided their communities with over 3,400 hours of service in 2022 through our Local Spirit Day of Service program, which offers employees a day of paid volunteer time each year to engage with our local communities. We also have similar community-assistance programs for employees in our European markets.
Business Conduct and Ethics
We are deeply committed to promoting a culture of ethical conduct and compliance. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”), which applies to all employees, officers and members of the Board, reinforces our core values and helps drive our workplace culture of compliance with ethical standards, integrity and accountability. Training on the Code is mandatory upon employment and is provided on an annual basis. Highlights from our Code and its underlying policies, standards and guidance include an independent hotline and no-retaliation policy for anyone who, acting in good faith, notifies us of a possible violation of the Code, our policies or the law; a commitment to human rights and labor protections in all of our operations, and the expectation that our business partners uphold the same standards; cybersecurity and privacy controls; sanctions and money laundering controls; and anti-corruption policies that prohibit offering, attempting to offer, authorizing or promising any bribe or kickback for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or an unfair advantage.
Climate Change and Sustainability
We are spearheading projects and initiatives that aim to drive sustainability and reduce our environmental impact. We have announced a commitment to be Carbon Net Zero before 2050 across our divisions, in alignment with the 2016 Paris Agreement. In 2022, we published our global Environmental Policy and established an environmental program framework based on the ISO 14001 standard, which focuses on continual improvement and the evaluation of environmental risks and impacts of our products and processes. In addition, as we continue our digital transformation, we have continued to focus on the efficiency of our technologies (including, but not limited to, converting a large portion of our illuminated displays to LED lighting, using light sensors and dimming technology that control brightness and exploring alternative energy sources) and on developing innovative products and services with a reduced environmental footprint. Our sustainability efforts are underpinned by our various industry commitments, including to Ad Net Zero, the UN Global Compact and the Carbon Disclosure Project.
Available Information
You can find more information about us at our Internet website located at clearchanneloutdoor.com. The contents of our website are not deemed to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any of our other filings with the SEC.
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports are available free of charge through our Investor Relations website at investor.clearchannel.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our SEC filings are also available to the public at the SEC's website at sec.gov.

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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following information with respect to our executive officers is presented as of February 28, 2023:
Name Age Title
Scott R. Wells 54 President, Chief Executive Officer
Brian D. Coleman 57 Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Lynn A. Feldman 54 Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary
Jason A. Dilger 49 Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer
Justin Cochrane 50 Chief Executive Officer of Clear Channel UK & Europe
Scott R. Wells was appointed as our President and Chief Executive Officer effective January 1, 2022. Prior to that time, Mr. Wells served as the Chief Executive Officer of Clear Channel Outdoor Americas, a position he was appointed to on March 3, 2015. Previously, he had served as an Operating Partner at Bain Capital beginning in January 2011, and prior to that, he served as an Executive Vice President at Bain Capital beginning in 2007. Prior to joining Bain Capital, he held several executive roles at Dell, Inc. from 2004 to 2007, most recently as Vice President of Public Marketing and On-Line in the Americas. Prior to joining Dell, Inc., Mr. Wells was a Partner at Bain & Company, where he focused primarily on technology and consumer-oriented companies. He currently serves as Chair of the Achievement Network and is Chair-elect of the Outdoor Advertising Association of America. He has an MBA, with distinction, from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a B.S./B.A. from Virginia Tech University.
Brian D. Coleman was appointed as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2019. Prior to that time, Mr. Coleman served as the Senior Vice President and Treasurer for iHeartMedia and Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings and was appointed to those positions in December 1998. Previously, Mr. Coleman served as a Project Manager in the Corporate Finance department at Central and South West Corporation, a multi-state utility holding company, from 1995 to 1998. Prior to that role, Mr. Coleman held various financial positions at Bank of America, Sumitomo Banking Corporation and National Australia Bank. Mr. Coleman received a BBA in Finance from the University of Texas at Austin.
Lynn A. Feldman was appointed as our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary on May 1, 2019, and effective November 1, 2022, her title was changed to Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary. Prior to May 1, 2019, Ms. Feldman served as the Executive Vice President and General Counsel for Clear Channel Outdoor Americas and was appointed to that position in July 2016. Previously, Ms. Feldman served as the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of Wyndham Hotel Group, a division of Wyndham Worldwide Corporation, from 2009 to 2015. Prior to that role, Ms. Feldman served as the Senior Vice President, Deputy General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Wyndham Worldwide Corporation. Prior to that role, Ms. Feldman served in various corporate roles within Cendant Corporation and as a Corporate Associate at Lowenstein Sandler LLP. Ms. Feldman received a J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center and a B.A. from Boston College.
Jason A. Dilger was appointed as our Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer on May 1, 2019. Prior to that time, Mr. Dilger had served as Senior Vice President, Accounting for Clear Channel Outdoor Americas beginning in August 2011. Prior to that role, Mr. Dilger served as Corporate Controller of Sinclair Broadcast Group from 2006 to 2011. Prior to that role, Mr. Dilger served in various accounting and finance roles at Municipal Mortgage & Equity from 2004 to 2006. Mr. Dilger began his career in public accounting with nearly a decade of experience at Arthur Andersen LLP and Ernst & Young LLP. Mr. Dilger earned his B.S. in Accounting from the University of Delaware.
Justin Cochrane was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer of Clear Channel U.K. & Europe on January 1, 2023. Mr. Cochrane joined Clear Channel in November 2001. After various finance and operational roles in both of Clear Channel’s U.K. and International Corporate divisions, including Group Controller of Clear Channel International and Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of Clear Channel U.K., Mr. Cochrane became Chief Executive Officer of Clear Channel U.K. in 2015. Subsequently, in 2019, Mr. Cochrane became Chief Executive Officer of both Clear Channel U.K. and Clear Channel’s European markets. Prior to joining Clear Channel in November 2001, Mr. Cochrane had trained as a Chartered Accountant, working in both public accounting and banking for five years. Mr. Cochrane currently serves as the Chairman of Outsmart, the U.K.’s Out-of-Home industry trade body, and sits on the board of the Committee of Advertising Practice in the U.K. Mr. Cochrane received a Master’s Degree in Engineering from the University of Oxford.
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ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS
A wide range of factors could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and/or the value of our common stock and outstanding debt securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following risks and uncertainties:
Economic Risks and Current Events
Our results have been in the past, and could in the future be, adversely affected by continued economic uncertainty, an economic slowdown or a recession.
Periods of a slowing economy or recession, or periods of economic uncertainty, have historically been accompanied by a decrease in advertising and have negatively impacted our business. The current macroeconomic environment is characterized by significant inflation, supply chain challenges, labor shortages, high interest rates, foreign currency exchange volatility, volatility in global capital markets and growing risk of recession. In response to heightened levels of inflation in 2022, central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, increased interest rates, resulting in an increase in our weighted average cost of debt. Additionally, the U.S. dollar has strengthened against the Euro and British pound sterling, among other European currencies, resulting in an adverse impact on reported results in our Europe segments in 2022. In addition, the U.S. dollar may continue to strengthen against these foreign currencies in 2023 as the U.S. Federal Reserve further raises the federal funds rate, which could result in downstream impacts to global exchange rates and further adverse impacts to our reported results in our Europe segments. In 2022, inflation affected our performance as a result of higher costs for employees, electricity, materials and equipment. To date, we believe we have partially offset these higher costs and have not suffered material impacts from the heightened levels of global inflation. However, if economic conditions worsen, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to continue to mitigate the effects of those conditions on our business. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, we were required to take various measures to increase our liquidity and preserve and strengthen our financial flexibility, including implementing restructuring plans to reduce headcount and related costs throughout our business. As our operating performance has improved, we have ceased those temporary operating cost savings initiatives. Nevertheless, if economic conditions worsen or if a recession occurs, we may be required to take similar or more strict measures than those we took during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Those measures, including restructurings and cost savings, could adversely affect our business, operations, liquidity and financial results.
Furthermore, because a significant portion of our revenue is derived from local advertisers, our ability to generate revenues in specific markets is directly affected by local and regional conditions. Unfavorable regional or local economic or political conditions, such as those resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as well as increased social and political turmoil and unrest in some Latin American countries, also may adversely impact our results. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, including a recession or depression, could impact our business, including our revenues and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on favorable terms or at all. We cannot anticipate the impact of the current economic environment on our business, and any of the foregoing could materially harm our business.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic severely affected, and may continue to affect, our business, operating results and financial condition.
Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of health pandemics or epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic, the evolution of which continues to be uncertain. COVID-19 had a significant adverse impact on our results of operations in 2020 and 2021, and we did not experience a return to our pre-COVID-19 historical seasonal levels of revenue until the fourth quarter of 2021. As described above, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, we were required to take various measures to increase our liquidity and preserve and strengthen our financial flexibility. Recurring COVID-19 outbreaks around the world, such as those most recently occurring in China following the suspension of China’s zero-COVID policy, have heightened concerns relating to new and potentially more dangerous COVID-19 variants, which, if transmitted around the globe, could lead to the reintroduction of precautionary measures similar to, or more strict than, those imposed at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. A resurgence of COVID-19 or another health pandemic or epidemic may adversely affect the out-of-home advertising industry, our revenues and our liquidity position. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, its ultimate impact on our business is subject to change. A severe outbreak of COVID-19 or another health pandemic or epidemic can disrupt our business and adversely materially impact our financial results.
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Liquidity, Financing and Capital Structure Risks
We require a significant amount of cash to service our debt obligations and to fund our operations and capital expenditures, which depends on many factors beyond our control, including the recent volatility and uncertainty in capital markets.
Our ability to service our debt obligations requires a significant amount of cash. During 2022, we spent $341.4 million of cash to pay interest on our debt, and we anticipate having approximately $413.0 million of cash interest payment obligations in 2023. Our significant principal and interest payment obligations reduce our financial flexibility, make us more vulnerable to changes in operating performance and economic downturns or recessions, could reduce our liquidity over time and could negatively affect our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.
Our other cash requirements are for working capital used to fund site lease costs, including payments for land or space used by our displays, for capital expenditures primarily related to construction and sustaining activities for our out-of-home advertising displays and, as our financial results have improved, to fund asset acquisitions. We primarily finance these requirements with cash on hand, internally-generated cash flow from operations and, if necessary, borrowings under our credit facilities. Our long-term future cash requirements will depend on many factors, including the growth of our business, investments in digital conversions and new technologies, such as RADAR and our programmatic solution set, and the pursuit and outcome of strategic transactions, including the outcome of the strategic reviews of our Europe businesses. Our ability to meet these cash requirements through cash from operations depends on our future operating results and financial performance, which are subject to significant uncertainty and may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions, as well as macroeconomic events such as heightened inflation and higher interest rates. Availability of our credit facilities for working capital and other needs is limited by certain covenants under our existing indebtedness, and if we are unable to generate sufficient cash through our operations, we could face substantial liquidity problems, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, our ability to meet our obligations and the value of our company.
The purchase price of possible asset acquisitions, capital expenditures for deployment of digital billboards and other strategic initiatives could require additional indebtedness or equity financing from banks or other lenders, or through public offerings or private placements of debt or equity, strategic relationships or other arrangements, or from a combination of these sources. Additional indebtedness could increase our leverage and make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and may limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures. The terms of our existing or future debt or equity agreements may restrict us from securing financing on terms that are acceptable to us. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that financing alternatives will be available to us in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us in the future due to market conditions, our financial condition, our liquidity constraints or other factors, many of which are beyond our control, and even if financing alternatives are available to us, we may not find them suitable or at reasonable interest rates, especially given that current capital markets conditions have increased the cost of capital. The inability to obtain additional financing in such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and on our ability to meet our obligations or pursue strategic initiatives.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our substantial indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $5.6 billion of total indebtedness outstanding, including approximately $1.9 billion of term loans under the Term Loan Facility, which amortizes in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount of $20.0 million, with the balance being payable in August 2026; $1.25 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2027 (the “CCOH Senior Secured Notes”); $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 7.75% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “CCOH 7.75% Senior Notes”); $1.05 billion aggregate principal amount of 7.5% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “CCOH 7.5% Senior Notes”); $375.0 million aggregate principal amount of CCIBV 6.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 (the “CCIBV Senior Secured Notes”); and approximately $36.8 million of other debt. Our substantial level of indebtedness and other financial obligations increase the possibility that we may be unable to generate cash sufficient to pay, when due, the principal, interest or other amounts due in respect of our indebtedness.
This substantial amount of indebtedness and other obligations could have negative consequences for us, including, without limitation:
Requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing cash available for other purposes, including to fund operations and capital expenditures, invest in new technology, such as RADAR and our programmatic solution set, and pursue other business opportunities;
Limiting our liquidity and operational flexibility and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes;
Limiting our ability to adjust to changing economic, business and competitive conditions;
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Requiring us to defer planned capital expenditures, reduce discretionary spending, sell assets, restructure existing indebtedness or defer acquisitions or other strategic opportunities, including our ability to enter into new agreements that will require capital expenditures;
Limiting our ability to refinance any of the indebtedness or increasing the cost of any such refinancing;
Making us more vulnerable to any increase in interest rates, a downturn in our operating performance, a decline in general economic or industry conditions, or a disruption in the credit markets; and
Making us more susceptible to negative changes in credit ratings, which could impact our ability to obtain financing in the future and increase the cost of such financing.
If compliance with debt obligations materially hinders our ability to operate our business and adapt to changing industry conditions, we may lose market share, our revenue may decline, and our operating results may suffer.
Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, economic and other factors beyond our control.
We may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, and if our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or refinance our indebtedness. Additionally, we may not be able to take any of these actions, or these actions may not be successful or permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Furthermore, these actions may not be permitted under the terms of our existing or future debt agreements.
Our ability to refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates, increasing our debt service obligations, and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. Additionally, we may not be able to refinance our debt at all, or we may not be successful in utilizing debt refinancings to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Furthermore, the terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from pursuing this alternative.
Any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our indebtedness, we will be in default under one or more of the agreements governing our indebtedness, and as a result, we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.
Operational Risks
Implementing our strategy may be more difficult, costly and/or time consuming than expected, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits thereof fully or at all.
We are focused on driving incremental demand for out-of-home advertising and on increasing our operational efficiencies. Our strategy is based on three pillars — accelerating our digital transformation, prioritizing customer-centricity and driving executional excellence — which are being implemented together with the optimization of our portfolio. The success of our strategy and the realization of the anticipated benefits thereof, depends, in part, on our ability to execute and demonstrate the value-added capabilities of our digital display platform to our customers; to grow our digital footprint; to enhance our technology offerings; to adopt digital infrastructure to automate processes; to add sales channels to serve our clients; and to increase the speed, quality and repeatability of our key business processes.
Demonstrating the capabilities of our digital display platform and growing our digital footprint depend, in part, on our ability to deliver and install digital displays in a timely manner, including delivery and installation within complex transit infrastructures, including airports. If we fail to satisfy our contractual obligations to our customers and if any such failures cannot be resolved, and/or if the digital display platform and/or the digital advertising displays that we provide to our customers do not meet their expectations or are found to be defective, or if we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits of these products due to reduced market demand for these products or digital advertising generally, including as a result of economic slowdown, our business operations and financial results will suffer.
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We continue to develop and improve our technological offerings, including RADAR, our proprietary and industry-first suite of data-driven solutions for planning, measuring and amplifying the impact of out-of-home advertising, as well as our programmatic solution set, which uses automated technology, data and algorithms to offer a streamlined, flexible buying process, audience targeting and ad measurement capabilities through real-time, biddable digital marketplaces. Such offerings require the successful creation, enhancement, use and adoption of innovative technology that includes hardware, software, connectivity, automation and digital solutions. As a result, we make significant investments in research and development, connectivity solutions, data security and employee training. These investments may not result in improvements to RADAR, our programmatic solutions or other technology we may create or adopt in the future and may not provide the desired results for our clients. If we are not able to deliver our solutions with differentiated features and functionality, our clients may not value or adopt these solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, the market for programmatic ad buying is an emerging market, and our current and potential clients may not shift quickly enough to programmatic buying from other buying methods, reducing our growth potential. If the market for programmatic ad buying develops more slowly than we expect, it could reduce demand for our programmatic solution set, which could delay the realization of certain of the benefits of our strategy.
Furthermore, implementing our digital transformation requires significant costs and time, and we may not be able to recover the costs from our customers or otherwise. Any costs currently anticipated may significantly increase if we incur cost overruns due to technical difficulties; the increased costs of data, digital displays, materials and labor; suspensions or delays in installation and/or construction caused by us, our subcontractors, or due to external events beyond anyone’s control or otherwise; insurance, bonding and litigation expenses; the inability to recruit and maintain qualified personnel; and the inability to comply with evolving government regulations relating to the internet, mobile, privacy, marketing and advertising aspects of our business, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The success of our business is dependent upon our ability to obtain and renew contracts with municipalities, transit authorities and private landlords, which we may not be able to obtain on favorable terms.
Our airport, transit and street furniture products require us to develop and maintain robust relationships with elected officials and regulatory authorities in a vast number of municipalities. Many of these contracts, which require us to participate in competitive bidding processes at each renewal, typically have terms ranging up to 15 years and have revenue-share requirements, capital expenditure requirements and/or fixed payment components. Competitive bidding processes are complex and sometimes lengthy, and substantial costs may be incurred in connection with preparing bids. Our competitors, individually or through relationships with third parties, may be able to provide municipalities with different or greater capabilities, prices or benefits than we can provide. In the past we have not been, and most likely in the future we will not be, awarded all of the contracts on which we bid. The success of our business also depends generally on our ability to obtain and renew contracts with private landlords. There can be no assurance that we will win any particular bid, be able to renew existing contracts (on the same or better terms, or at all) or be able to replace any revenues lost upon expiration or completion of a contract. Our inability to renew existing contracts may also result in significant expenses from the removal of our displays. Furthermore, if and when we do obtain a contract, we are generally required to incur significant start-up expenses. The costs of bidding on contracts and the start-up costs associated with new contracts we may obtain may significantly reduce our cash flow and liquidity.
This competitive bidding process presents a number of risks, including the following:
We may expend substantial cost and managerial time and effort to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that we may not win;
We may be unable to comply, or it may require substantial cost to comply, with various regulatory requirements related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) standards that are required to win certain contracts with municipalities and transit authorities, particularly within the U.K. and the E.U.;
We may be unable to estimate accurately the revenue derived from, and the resources and cost structure that will be required to service, any contract we win or anticipate changes in the operating environment on which our financial proposal was based; and
We may encounter expenses and delays if our competitors challenge awards of contracts to us in competitive bidding, and any such challenge could result in the resubmission of bids on modified specifications or in the termination, reduction or modification of the awarded contract.
Our inability to successfully negotiate, renew or complete these contracts due to third-party or governmental demands and delay, and the highly competitive bidding processes for these contracts, could affect our ability to offer these products to our clients, or to offer them to our clients at rates that are competitive to other forms of advertising, without adversely affecting our financial results.
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We face intense competition in the out-of-home advertising business.
We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our current advertising revenues. We compete for advertising revenue with other out-of-home advertising businesses, as well as with other media, such as mobile, social media, online, broadcast and cable television, radio, print media and direct mail, within their respective markets. Market shares are subject to change for various reasons, including through consolidation of our competitors through processes such as mergers and acquisitions, which could have the effect of reducing our revenue in a specific market. Our competitors may develop technology, services or advertising media that are equal or superior to those we provide or that achieve greater market acceptance and brand recognition than we achieve. It also is possible that new competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share in any of our business segments, subject to applicable regulations. Many of these competitors possess greater technical, human and other resources than we do, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve competitive position.
Moreover, the advertiser/agency ecosystem is diverse and dynamic, with advertiser/agency relationships subject to change. This could have an adverse effect on us if an advertiser client shifts its relationship to an agency with whom we do not have as good a relationship. An increased level of competition for advertising dollars may lead to lower advertising rates as we attempt to retain customers or may cause us to lose customers to our competitors who offer lower rates that we are unable or unwilling to match.
Technology Risks
Regulations and consumer concerns regarding privacy and data protection, or any failure to comply with these regulations, could hinder our operations.
We obtain certain types of information from users of our technology platforms, including, without limitation, our websites, web pages, interactive features, social media pages, mobile applications and programmatic offerings. We also obtain anonymous and/or aggregated audience behavior insights about consumers from vetted third-party data providers. In addition, we collect PII from our employees, users of our public bike services, our business partners and consumers who interact with the marketing content on our digital panels, including through data partner collection from cellular devices, scanning QR codes and beacon technology. We use and share this information from and about consumers, business partners and advertisers for a variety of business purposes. Collecting and processing PII subjects us to certain privacy and data security laws and regulations, as well as risks of unauthorized access to, or acquisition of, PII by us or third parties.
We are subject to a number of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to consumer protection, information security, data protection and privacy, including the California Consumer Privacy Act, the California Privacy Rights Act, the E.U. and U.K. GDPRs, the E.U. Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulation, the U.K. Data Protection Act, the Singapore Personal Data Protection Act and the Brazilian General Data Protection Law, among others. Many of these laws and regulations are still evolving and could be interpreted or enforced by the courts or regulators in ways that could affect our ability to provide audience behavioral insights or monitor our business processes or otherwise harm our business. In the U.S., Colorado, Connecticut, Virginia and Utah have also enacted privacy laws, each of which will become effective at different times in 2023. Privacy laws have also been introduced in all other states. Additionally, new regulatory approaches to privacy in public spaces by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and other regulators, which may affect the operation of our RADAR products, are being developed. Any efforts required to comply with these laws and others that may be enacted may entail substantial expenses, may divert resources from other initiatives and projects and could limit the services we are able to offer. In addition, changes in consumer expectations and demands regarding privacy and data protection could restrict our ability to collect, use, disclose and derive economic value from demographic and other information related to our consumers, business partners and advertisers. Such restrictions could limit our ability to offer tailored advertising opportunities to our business partners and advertisers, and privacy activist interpretation of our activities could damage our reputation.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our policies or applicable legal and regulatory requirements related to consumer protection, information security, data protection and privacy could result in a loss of confidence in us; damage to our brands; the loss of users of our services, consumers, business partners and advertisers; and proceedings against us by governmental authorities or others, including regulatory fines and private litigation, any of which could hinder our operations and adversely affect our business.
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If our security measures are breached, we could lose valuable information, suffer disruptions to our business, and incur expenses and liabilities, including damages to our relationships with customers and business partners.
Although we have implemented physical and electronic security measures designed to protect against the loss, misuse and alteration of our websites, digital assets, proprietary business information and any PII that we collect and share with others, no security measures are perfect and impenetrable, and we and outside parties we interact with may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access. Moreover, our systems, servers and platforms may be vulnerable to computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions that our security measures may not detect, which could cause interruptions or slowdowns of our digital display systems, delays in communication or loss of data and slowdown or unavailability of our client-facing or internal platforms. A cyber incident may be due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance or a combination of these or other actions. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions, including by computer hackers, nation-state affiliated actors and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased as well. We have been, and expect to continue to be, the target of fraudulent calls, emails and other forms of fraudulent activities and have experienced security breaches; however, to date, they have not had a material impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, our digital display systems and other business assets could suffer disruption, and we could lose competitively sensitive business information or lose control of our information processes or internal controls. In addition, the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or services could be harmed, and we could lose customers, consumers and business partners. In the event of a security breach, we could suffer financial exposure in connection with demands from perpetrators, penalties, remediation efforts, investigations and legal proceedings and changes in our security and system protection measures. Additionally, cybersecurity has become a top priority for regulators around the world, and every state in the U.S. and most other countries have laws in place requiring companies to notify users if there is a security breach that compromises certain categories of their PII. In addition, in the U.S., the SEC has proposed rules for mandatory disclosure of cybersecurity incidents suffered by public companies, as well as cybersecurity governance and risk management. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these laws may subject us to significant regulatory fines and private litigation, any of which could harm our business.
Regulatory Risks
Government regulation of out-of-home advertising may restrict our out-of-home advertising operations.
U.S. federal, state and local regulations have a significant impact on the out-of-home advertising industry and our business. One of the seminal laws is the HBA, which regulates out-of-home advertising on controlled roads in the U.S. The HBA regulates the size and placement of billboards, requires the development of state standards, mandates state compliance programs, promotes the expeditious removal of illegal signs and requires just compensation for takings on controlled roads. Construction, repair, maintenance, upgrade, lighting, height, size, spacing, placement and permitting of billboards are also regulated by federal, state and local governments, and from time to time, states and municipalities have prohibited or significantly limited the construction of new out-of-home advertising structures. Due to such regulations, it has become increasingly difficult to develop new out-of-home advertising locations.
International regulation of the out-of-home advertising industry varies by municipality, region and country, but generally limits the size, placement, nature and density of out-of-home displays. Other regulations limit the subject matter, animation and language of out-of-home displays. Our failure or perceived failure to comply with these or any future regulations, including those that may regulate the energy consumption affiliated with the operation of advertising structures, could have an adverse impact on the effectiveness of our displays or their attractiveness to clients as an advertising medium. As a result, we may experience a significant impact on our operations, revenue, international client base and overall financial condition.
We intend to continue to expand the global deployment of digital billboards, which display digital advertising copy from various advertisers that changes up to several times per minute. We have encountered regulations that restrict or prohibit digital displays. Additionally, since digital billboards have been developed and introduced relatively recently into the market on a large scale, existing regulations that currently do not apply to them by their terms could be revised or further interpreted, or new regulations could be enacted, to impose greater restrictions on digital billboards due to alleged concerns over aesthetics or driver safety. Any new restrictions on digital billboards could have a material adverse effect on both our existing inventory of digital billboards and our plans to expand our digital deployment. In addition, although permits in our America segment are typically subject to annual renewals by the state and/or local government and are typically transferable or renewable for a minimal or no fee, if the structure is modified (for example, converted from printed media to digital media), the state and/or local government may require a revised, additional or new permit for the modification. In the majority of these cases, we can surrender the existing permit concurrently with the approval of the requested modification. However, there is no guarantee that we will be granted a new or revised permit for an asset that we desire to modify.
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From time to time, certain state and local governments and third parties have attempted to force the removal of our displays under various state and local laws, including zoning ordinances, permit enforcement and condemnation. Similar risks also arise in certain of our international jurisdictions.
There is a U.S. federal and state requirement that an owner remove any non-grandfathered, non-compliant signs along all controlled roads at the owner’s expense and without compensation, and in some instances, we have had to remove billboards as a result of such reviews.
Certain zoning ordinances provide for amortization, which is the required removal of legal non-conforming billboards (billboards that conformed with applicable laws and regulations when built, but which do not conform to current laws and regulations) or the commercial advertising placed on such billboards after a period of years. Pursuant to this concept, the governmental body asserts that just compensation is earned by continued operation of the billboard over that period of time. Although amortization is prohibited along all controlled roads, amortization has been upheld along non-controlled roads in limited instances where permitted by state and local law.
In the past, state governments have purchased and removed existing lawful billboards for beautification purposes using federal funding for transportation enhancement programs, and these jurisdictions may continue to do so in the future.
Additionally, from time to time third parties or local governments assert that we own or operate displays that either are not properly permitted or otherwise are not in strict compliance with applicable law. If we are increasingly unable to resolve such allegations or obtain acceptable arrangements in circumstances in which our displays are subject to removal, modification or amortization, or if there is an increase in such regulations or their enforcement, our operating results could suffer.
A number of state and local governments have implemented or initiated taxes, fees and registration requirements in an effort to decrease or restrict the number of outdoor signs and/or to raise revenue. From time to time, legislation also has been introduced in international jurisdictions attempting to impose taxes on revenue from out-of-home advertising for the right to use out-of-home advertising assets or for the privilege of engaging in the out-of-home advertising business. Several jurisdictions have imposed such taxes as a percentage of our out-of-home advertising revenue generated in that jurisdiction or based on the size of the billboard and type of display technology. In addition, some jurisdictions have taxed our personal property and leasehold interests in advertising locations using various valuation methodologies. We expect U.S. and foreign jurisdictions to continue to attempt to impose such taxes as a way of increasing revenue. The increased imposition of these measures, and our inability to overcome any such measures, could adversely affect our operating income if we are unable to pass on the cost of these items to our customers or absorb them into our current operations as a cost of doing business.
Changes in laws and regulations affecting out-of-home advertising, or changes in their interpretation, could have a significant financial impact on us by requiring us to make significant expenditures to ensure compliance therewith or otherwise limiting or restricting some of our operations.
Restrictions on out-of-home advertising of certain products may restrict the categories of clients that can advertise using our products.
Regulations governing categories of products that can be advertised through our advertising assets and platforms vary across the countries in which we conduct business. Certain products and services, such as tobacco, are banned from outdoor advertising in the U.S., and other products, such as alcohol, may be targeted in the future. Most E.U. countries, among other nations, also have banned outdoor advertisements for tobacco products and regulate alcohol advertising. In the U.K., there are localized restrictions on the location of advertising for High Fat, Salt and Sugar foods. Any significant reduction in advertising of products due to content-related restrictions could cause a reduction in our direct revenues from such advertisements and an increase in available space on the existing inventory of billboards in the out-of-home advertising industry.
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Environmental, health, safety and land use laws and regulations, as well as various actual and proposed ESG policies and regulations, may limit or restrict some of our operations.
As the owner or operator of various real estate properties and facilities, we must comply with various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health, safety and land use laws and regulations, including those relating to the use, storage, disposal, emission and release of hazardous and non-hazardous substances; employee health and safety; and zoning restrictions. In addition, increased scrutiny related to ESG, and actual and proposed ESG policies and regulations, including proposed new or enhanced requirements regarding the standardization of mandatory climate-, human capital- and diversity-related disclosures for investors in the E.U., the U.K. and the U.S., will subject us to new regulatory and compliance costs. Historically, we have not incurred significant expenditures to comply with environmental or ESG laws, policies and regulations. However, given the increase in the number and complexity of these policies and regulations, we expect our costs of compliance to increase. In addition, we have announced our commitment to achieving Carbon Net Zero before 2050 across our divisions and have established an environmental program framework. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in reaching our stated goals, that activists and others will not challenge our progress towards those goals, that our environmental framework will operate adequately or, if we are successful, that the cost will not be material. Further, additional laws, policies and regulations that may be passed in the future, or a finding of a violation of or liability under existing laws, could require us to make significant expenditures and otherwise limit or restrict some of our operations.
Strategic Risks
We are engaged in strategic review processes of our European businesses. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying or completing strategic alternatives, that any such transactions will result in additional value for our shareholders or that the processes will not have an adverse impact on our business.
Our Board has authorized a review of strategic alternatives for our European businesses, including the potential disposal of certain of our lower-margin European assets (and/or other European assets of lower priority to our European business as a whole), while retaining, for now, our higher-margin European assets. The process of exploring strategic alternatives has required, and may continue to require, significant resources and expenses. In addition, speculation and uncertainty regarding the strategic review processes may cause or result in disruption of our business; distraction of our employees; difficulty in recruiting, hiring, motivating and retaining talented and skilled personnel, especially in Europe; difficulty in maintaining or negotiating and consummating new business or strategic relationships or transactions, especially in Europe; and increased stock price volatility. If we are unable to mitigate these or other potential risks related to the uncertainty caused by the strategic review processes, they could adversely affect our business or adversely impact our net sales, operating results and financial condition.
In addition, even though we have announced the entry into a definitive agreement to sell our business in Switzerland, we may not be able to complete such transaction and/or identify and/or complete any additional transaction(s). Any additional potential transaction(s) will not be conditioned on each other and will depend upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, market conditions, industry trends, the interest of third parties in our European businesses and the availability of financing to potential buyers. We cannot assure you that any potential transaction(s) or other strategic alternative(s), if identified, evaluated and completed, will provide greater value to our shareholders than that reflected in the current price of our common stock.
As the Board continues its ongoing review, our Board may determine that our most effective strategy is to continue to operate all of our remaining European businesses. The Company has not set a timetable for completion of the reviews, may suspend the processes at any time and does not intend to make further announcements regarding the processes unless and until the Board approves a course of action for which further disclosure is appropriate.
Future dispositions, acquisitions and other strategic transactions could pose risks.
We frequently evaluate strategic opportunities both within and outside our existing lines of business. We expect from time to time to pursue strategic dispositions of certain businesses, such as the recently announced sale of our business in Switzerland, as well as acquisitions. We may also pursue other strategic transactions, including recapitalization or other corporate restructurings, including, for example, a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) conversion in the future. These dispositions, acquisitions or other strategic transactions could be material. Such transactions involve numerous risks, including:
Our dispositions may negatively impact revenues from our national, regional and other sales networks or make it difficult to generate cash flows from operations sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements, including our debt service requirements;
Our acquisitions may prove unprofitable and fail to generate anticipated cash flows, and we may enter into markets and geographic areas where we have limited or no experience;
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To successfully manage our large portfolio of out-of-home advertising and other businesses, we may need to recruit additional senior management as we cannot be assured that senior management of acquired businesses will continue to work for us, and we cannot be certain that our recruiting efforts will succeed;
We may need to expand corporate infrastructure to facilitate the integration of our operations with those of acquired businesses as failure to do so may cause us to lose the benefits of any expansion that we decide to undertake by leading to disruptions in our ongoing businesses or by distracting our management, and we may encounter difficulties in the integration of operations and systems; and
Our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns.
Dispositions and acquisitions of out-of-home advertising businesses may require antitrust review by U.S. federal antitrust agencies and may require review by foreign antitrust agencies under the antitrust laws of foreign jurisdictions. For example, the recently announced sale of our business in Switzerland requires review by the Swiss Competition Commission. We can give no assurances that the U.S. Department of Justice, the Federal Trade Commission or foreign antitrust agencies, including the Swiss Competition Commission, will not seek to bar us from disposing of or acquiring out-of-home advertising businesses or impose stringent undertakings on our business as a condition to the completion of an acquisition in any market where we already have a significant position.
Litigation and Liability Risks
Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation against us could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
Third parties have asserted, and may in the future assert, that we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us will grow. Any lawsuits regarding intellectual property rights, regardless of their success, could be expensive to resolve and would divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel. An adverse outcome of a dispute may damage our reputation, force us to adjust our business practices, require us to pay significant damages and/or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business.
As a result of intellectual property infringement claims, or to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek licenses from third parties. These licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, the license would likely obligate us to pay license fees or royalties or both, and the rights granted to us might be nonexclusive, with the potential for our competitors to gain access to the same intellectual property. In addition, the scope of the licenses granted to us may not include rights covering all of the products, services and technologies provided by us. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
Claims that our suppliers infringe on the intellectual property rights of others could cause disruptions in our supply chain.
Our suppliers have received, and in the future may receive, claims that they have infringed the intellectual property rights of others. Any such claim, with or without merit, could result in disruptions to our supply chain. If our suppliers are not successful in defending allegations of infringement, they could be required to redesign their product offerings and could be prevented from manufacturing the products supplied to us in a timely or cost-effective manner, if at all. A reduction or interruption in our suppliers’ production, an increase in our supply purchasing costs derived from reduced competition or otherwise or an inability to secure alternative sources of supply on substantially the terms and conditions currently available to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
In connection with our separation from iHeartMedia in 2019, iHeartMedia agreed to indemnify us, and we agreed to indemnify iHeartMedia, for certain liabilities. There can be no assurance that the indemnities from iHeartMedia will be sufficient to insure us against the full amount of such liabilities.
Pursuant to agreements that we entered into with iHeartMedia in connection with our separation, iHeartMedia agreed to indemnify us for certain liabilities, including certain tax matters, and we agreed to indemnify iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries for certain liabilities, including certain tax matters. For example, we will indemnify iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries for liabilities arising from or accruing prior to the closing date of the separation to the extent such liabilities related our business, assets and liabilities, as well as liabilities relating to a breach of the Settlement and Separation Agreement governing the terms of the separation. However, third parties might seek to hold us responsible for liabilities that iHeartMedia agreed to retain, and there can be no assurance that iHeartMedia will be able to fully satisfy its indemnification obligations under these agreements. In addition, indemnities that we may be required to provide to iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries could be significant and could adversely affect our business.
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International Business Risks
Doing business in foreign countries exposes us to certain risks not expected to occur when doing business in the U.S.
Doing business in foreign countries carries with it certain risks that are not found when doing business in the U.S. These risks could result in losses against which we are not insured. Examples of these risks include the potential instability of foreign governments, potential adverse changes in the diplomatic relations of foreign countries with the U.S., changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation or application of laws or regulations, new or increased tariffs or unfavorable changes in trade policy, government policies against businesses owned by foreigners, risks of renegotiation or modification of existing agreements with governmental authorities, difficulties collecting receivables and otherwise enforcing contracts with governmental agencies and others in some foreign legal systems, investment restrictions or requirements, expropriations of property without adequate compensation, withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by subsidiaries, changes in tax structure and level and the adverse effect of foreign exchange controls.
Our international operations involve contracts with, and regulation by, foreign governments. We operate in many parts of the world that experience corruption to some degree. Although we have policies and procedures in place that are designed to promote legal and regulatory compliance (including with respect to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act), our employees, subcontractors and agents could take actions that violate applicable anti-corruption laws or regulations. Two former employees of Clear Media, a former indirect, non-wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company that was sold in April 2020, have been convicted in China of certain crimes, including the crime of misappropriation of Clear Media funds, and sentenced to imprisonment. For a description of this matter, please refer to Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and reputation.
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risks because a large portion of our revenue and cash flows is received in foreign currencies and translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes.
We generate a large portion of our revenue in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Additionally, a large portion of our cash flows are generated in foreign currencies and translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes, and certain of the indebtedness held by our international subsidiaries is denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, exchange rate fluctuations in any currency from a country in which we operate could have an adverse effect on our profitability, and significant changes in the value of such foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet interest and principal payments on our indebtedness. In 2022, as a result of heightened inflation and monetary policy, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the Euro and British pound sterling, among other European currencies, resulting in an adverse impact on our reported results in our Europe segments in 2022. In addition, the U.S. dollar may continue to strengthen against these foreign currencies in 2023 as the U.S. Federal Reserve further raises the federal funds rate, which could result in downstream impacts to global exchange rates and further adverse impacts to our reported results in our Europe segments. Given the volatility of exchange rates, there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively manage our currency transaction and/or translation risks. We expect to experience economic losses and gains and negative and positive impacts on our operating income as a result of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock
Our stock price has been highly volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance.
The market price for our common stock has been highly volatile. You may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid for them due to fluctuations in the market price of our common stock, which may be caused by a number of factors, many of which we cannot control, including those previously described and the following: our quarterly or annual earnings reports or those of other companies in our industry; investors’ perceptions of our prospects; investors’ disagreements with our strategy or capital allocation; changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our common stock, our failure to meet these estimates or failure of those analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our common stock; downgrades by any securities analysts who follow our common stock; market conditions or trends in our industry or the economy as a whole (including the current macroeconomic environment) and, in particular, the advertising industry; changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles; announcements by us of significant strategic transactions (such as the reviews of our European businesses), contracts, acquisitions, joint ventures or capital commitments; changes in key personnel; and future sales of our common stock by our officers, directors and significant stockholders.
In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected, and continue to affect, the market prices of equity securities of many companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation or launched activist campaigns following periods of market volatility. If we were involved in securities litigation or an activist campaign, we could incur substantial costs, and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.
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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our common stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
Future sales of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could lower our stock price, and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of our common stock or other equity-linked instruments or the issuance of equity awards by us may dilute your ownership percentage.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market by our stockholders, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional shares.
Any additional capital raised by us through the sale of our common stock or other equity-linked instruments may also dilute your ownership and influence in us, as a result of governance rights and other rights that may be given to the holders of such instruments. In addition, holders of equity-linked securities could have rights, preferences and privileges that are not held by, and could be preferential to, the rights of holders of our holders of common stock In the future, we may also issue our common stock in connection with acquisitions or investments. We cannot predict the size of any such future issuances, but the amount of shares of our common stock issued in connection with an acquisition or investment could constitute a material portion of the then-outstanding shares of our common stock.
Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) could result in the delisting our common stock, which would have an adverse impact on the trading, liquidity and market price of our common stock.
If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the NYSE, such as the minimum bid price requirement, the NYSE may take steps to delist our common stock. In 2020, as a result of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the price of our common stock fell below $1.00 over a period of 30 consecutive trading days, and as such, we failed to comply with related NYSE continued listing standards. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the lowest closing price of our common stock on the NYSE was $0.96 per share and the highest closing price was $1.72 per share. We cannot assure you that the price of our common stock will continue to remain in compliance with the required listing standard or that we will remain in compliance with any of the other applicable continued listing standards of the NYSE. Any future failure to remain in compliance with the NYSE’s continued listing standards, and any subsequent failure to timely resume compliance with the NYSE’s continued listing standards within the applicable cure period, could have adverse consequences, including, among others, reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our common stock, reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock, adverse publicity and a reduced interest in us from investors, analysts and other market participants. In addition, a suspension or delisting could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the public markets and our ability to attract and retain employees by means of equity compensation.
We currently do not pay regularly-scheduled dividends on our common stock.
We do not pay regularly-scheduled dividends on our common stock, and should we seek to do so in the future, we are subject to restrictions on our ability to pay dividends by the instruments governing our outstanding debt. Because we do not pay dividends on our common stock, the price of our common stock must appreciate in order for common stockholders to realize a gain on their investments. This appreciation may not occur.
Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, subject to certain exceptions, as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, subject to certain exceptions, is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporate Law, our certificate of incorporation or our By-laws; or (iv) any other action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees.
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Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Covenants in our debt indentures and credit agreements restrict our ability to pursue our business strategies.
Our material financing agreements contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests. These agreements include covenants restricting, among other things, our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to:
Incur or guarantee additional debt or issue certain preferred stock;
Pay dividends, redeem or purchase capital stock or make other restricted payments;
Redeem, repurchase or retire our subordinated debt;
Make certain investments;
Create liens on our assets or on our restricted subsidiaries’ assets to secure debt;
Create restrictions on the payment of dividends or other amounts to us from our restricted subsidiaries that are not guarantors of the notes;
Enter into transactions with affiliates;
Merge or consolidate with another company, or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets;
Sell certain assets, including capital stock of our subsidiaries;
Alter the business that we conduct; and
Designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.
These restrictions could affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to react to market conditions or take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. For example, these restrictions could adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, make strategic acquisitions, investments or alliances, restructure our organization or finance our capital needs. In addition, under our Revolving Credit Facility, as amended, we are required to comply with a first lien net leverage ratio covenant if the balance of the Revolving Credit Facility is greater than $0 and undrawn letters of credit exceed $10 million at that time. Our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be affected by events beyond our control. These include prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. If we breach any of these covenants or restrictions, we could be in default under the agreements governing our indebtedness, and as a result, we could be forced into bankruptcy.
Despite current indebtedness levels, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur more debt, and this could exacerbate the risks associated with our leverage.
As of December 31, 2022, remaining availability under our credit facilities was $214.6 million. Although our debt indentures and credit agreements contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and we and our subsidiaries could incur additional indebtedness in the future. For example, if permitted by the documents governing their indebtedness, our subsidiaries that are not guarantors may be able to incur more indebtedness under the indenture than our subsidiaries that are guarantors. Moreover, our debt indentures and credit agreements do not impose any limitation on our incurrence of liabilities that are not considered “indebtedness” and do not impose any limitation on liabilities incurred by our immaterial subsidiaries or our subsidiaries that might be designated as “unrestricted subsidiaries.” As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we had no “unrestricted subsidiaries.” If we incur additional debt above current levels, the risks associated with our substantial leverage would increase.
Downgrades in our credit ratings may adversely affect our borrowing costs, limit our financing options, reduce our flexibility under future financings and adversely affect our liquidity or business operations.
Our corporate credit ratings are speculative-grade. Our corporate credit ratings and ratings outlook are subject to review by rating agencies from time to time and, on various occasions, have been downgraded. In the future, our corporate credit rating and rating outlook could be further downgraded. Any further reductions in our credit ratings could increase our borrowing costs, reduce the availability of financing to us or increase the cost of doing business or otherwise negatively impact our business operations.
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The elimination of LIBOR may adversely affect the cost of our borrowings.
Regulatory authorities in the U.K. will cease publication of all USD LIBOR tenors after June 30, 2023. In the U.S., the Alternative Reference Rates Committee formally recommended the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), plus a recommended spread adjustment, as the replacement for USD LIBOR. We recently entered into an amendment to the Term Loan Facility to replace LIBOR as the reference interest rate with SOFR plus a spread. While we continue to work with the administrative agents under our other credit agreements to finalize replacement rates, negotiations could require us to incur significant expense and may subject us to disputes over the appropriateness or comparability of the relevant replacement reference index. In addition, there can be no assurance that the application of, or transition to, SOFR or any other alternative reference rate to the Term Loan and our other agreements will not increase our interest expense or will not introduce operational risks in our accounting or financial reporting and other aspects of our business.
General Risks
We are dependent upon the performance of our senior management team and other key individuals.
We have experienced changes to our senior management team in critical functions. In early 2022, Mr. Scott R. Wells commenced his role as Chief Executive Officer and member of the Board, and Mr. William Eccleshare transitioned to the role of Executive Vice Chairman of the Board, which terminated at the end of 2022. Changes in management and other key personnel have the potential to disrupt our business, and any such disruption could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, competition for senior management and key individuals remains intense, and many of our key employees are at-will employees who are under no obligation to remain with us and may decide to leave for a variety of personal or other reasons beyond our control. If members of our senior management or key individuals decide to leave in the future, or if we are not successful in attracting, motivating and retaining other key employees, our business could be adversely affected.
Our financial performance may be adversely affected by many factors beyond our control.
Certain additional factors that could adversely affect our financial performance by, among other things, decreasing overall revenues, the numbers of advertising customers, advertising fees or profit margins include, but are not limited to:
Our inability to successfully adopt, or our being late in adopting, technological changes and innovations that offer more attractive advertising alternatives than what we offer, which could result in a loss of advertising customers or lower advertising rates;
Unfavorable shifts in population and other demographics, which may cause us to lose advertising customers as people migrate to markets where we have a smaller presence, or which may cause advertisers to be willing to pay less in advertising fees if the general population shifts into a less desirable age or geographical demographic from an advertising perspective;
Our inability to secure displays, display equipment, physical structures, LCD or LED technology, electrical supply and network connectivity and other materials required to provide our products and services in a timely manner, either as a result of supply chain shortages or other supply chain challenges, such as sanctions imposed on countries where our inventory is manufactured, specifically China; and
Unfavorable changes in labor conditions, including labor shortages, which may impair our ability to operate or require us to spend more to retain and attract qualified employees.
Continued scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, customers, government regulators and other stakeholders may impose additional costs on us and/or expose us to additional risks.
Public companies across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny from investors, lenders, customers, government regulators, activists and other stakeholders with respect to various areas of their operations, including with respect to ESG matters. Investment in funds that specialize in companies that perform well in assessments performed by ESG raters are increasingly popular, and major institutional investors have emphasized the importance of such ESG measures to their investment decisions. Responding to ESG considerations, including diversity and inclusion, environmental stewardship (including, but not limited to, measurement of our carbon emission reduction), support for local communities, labor conditions and human rights, ethics and compliance with law, privacy and information security, compliance initiatives and corporate governance and transparency, and implementing goals and initiatives involve risks and uncertainties and depend in part on third-party performance or data that is outside our control.
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From time to time, we have been approached by, and have had discussions with, third-party stakeholders on matters related to our corporate governance policies, our environmental stewardship programs, our corporate strategies, our executive compensation programs and other aspects of our operations. Responding to these third-party stakeholders and their proposals requires significant attention, time and resources from management and our employees and may impact our ability to execute various strategic initiatives. In addition, some stakeholders may disagree with our goals and initiatives. We risk damage to our brand and reputation and may face issues securing government contracts or accessing the capital markets or other sources of liquidity if we fail to adapt to, or comply with, investor, lender, customer or other stakeholder expectations and/or standards and current and potential government regulation with respect to ESG matters.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
    This report contains various forward-looking statements which represent our expectations or beliefs concerning future events, including, without limitation, our guidance, outlook, long-term forecast, goals or targets; our business plans and strategies; our expectations about certain markets and strategic review processes; and our liquidity. Statements expressing expectations and projections with respect to future matters are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. We caution that these forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties and are subject to many variables that could impact our future performance. These statements are made on the basis of management’s views and assumptions, as of the time the statements are made, regarding future events and performance. There can be no assurance, however, that management’s expectations will necessarily come to pass. Actual future events and performance may differ materially from the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements. We do not intend, nor do we undertake any duty, to update any forward-looking statements.
A wide range of factors could materially affect future developments and performance, including but not limited to:
continued economic uncertainty, an economic slowdown or a recession;
the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;
our ability to service our debt obligations and to fund our operations, business strategy and capital expenditures;
the impact of our substantial indebtedness, including the effect of our leverage on our financial position and earnings;
the difficulty, cost and time required to implement our strategy, and the fact that we may not realize the anticipated benefits therefrom;
our ability to obtain and renew key contracts with municipalities, transit authorities and private landlords;
competition;
technological changes and innovations;
regulations and consumer concerns regarding privacy and data protection;
a breach of our information security measures;
legislative or regulatory requirements;
restrictions on out-of-home advertising of certain products;
environmental, health, safety and land use laws and regulations, as well as various actual and proposed ESG policies and regulations;
the impact of the strategic review processes of our European businesses, including possible sales;
the impact of future dispositions, acquisitions and other strategic transactions;
third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation against us or our suppliers;
the risk that indemnities from iHeartMedia will not be sufficient to insure us against the full amount of certain liabilities;
risks of doing business in foreign countries;
fluctuations in exchange rates and currency values;
volatility of our stock price;
the impacts of our stock price as a result of future sales of common stock, or the perception thereof, and dilution resulting from additional capital raised through the sale of common stock or other equity-linked instruments;
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the effect of analyst or credit ratings downgrades;
our ability to continue to comply with the applicable listing standards of the NYSE;
the restrictions contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness limiting our flexibility in operating our business;
our dependence on our management team and other key individuals;
continued scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, customers, government regulators and other stakeholders; and
certain other factors set forth in our other filings with the SEC.
This list of factors that may affect future performance and the accuracy of forward-looking statements is illustrative and is not intended to be exhaustive. Accordingly, all forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty.
ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2.  PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters is located in San Antonio, Texas, where we lease space for executive offices and a business services center. We also have executive offices in New York City and London.
Our operations are located primarily in the U.S., where we are present in 40 out of the top 50 U.S. markets, and in Europe, where our portfolio spans 16 countries and is focused on densely populated metropolitan areas in major cities. We also have operations in four countries across Latin America and in Singapore. The types of properties required to support each of our out-of-home advertising branches include offices and production facilities, generally located in an industrial or warehouse district, as well as structure sites.
Our U.S. display inventory consists primarily of billboards, transit displays and street furniture, and our Europe display inventory consists primarily of street furniture, billboards, retail displays and transit displays. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 69,800 advertising displays in the U.S., including more than 4,700 digital displays; approximately 430,000 advertising displays in Europe, including more than 19,600 digital displays; and approximately 7,600 advertising displays in Latin America and Singapore, including more than 1,000 digital displays. We typically own the physical structures on which our clients’ advertising copy is displayed, and we primarily lease our out-of-home display sites and own or have acquired permanent easements for relatively few parcels of real property that serve as the sites for our out-of-home displays. Our site lease terms may range from month-to-month to year-to-year and can be for terms of ten years or longer, and many provide for renewal options. There is no significant concentration of displays under any one lease or subject to negotiation with any one landlord. We believe that an important part of our management activity is to negotiate suitable lease renewals and extensions.
No one property is material to our overall operations. We believe that our properties are in good condition and suitable for our operations. For additional information regarding our properties, refer to Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Business”).
ITEM 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information regarding our material pending legal proceedings, refer to Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information & Stockholders
Shares of our common stock trade on the NYSE under the symbol “CCO.” As of February 23, 2023, there were 477,438,803 shares of our common stock outstanding (excluding 7,781,852 shares held in treasury) and 164 stockholders of record. This figure does not include an estimate of the indeterminate number of beneficial holders whose shares may be held by brokerage firms and clearing agencies.
Dividends
We currently have no intention to pay dividends on our common stock at any time in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth our purchases of shares of our common stock made during the quarter ended December 31, 2022:
Period
Total Number of Shares
Purchased(1)
Average Price Paid per Share(1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 through October 31 4,474  $ 1.37  —  — 
November 1 through November 30 —    —  — 
December 1 through December 31 208,837  $ 1.05  —  — 
Total 213,311  $ 1.06  —  — 
(1)The shares indicated consist of shares of our common stock tendered to us by employees during the three months ended December 31, 2022 to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting and release of restricted shares, which are repurchased by us based on their fair market value on the date the relevant transaction occurs.
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Stock Performance Graph
The following chart provides a comparison of the cumulative total returns, adjusted for any stock splits and dividends, for our common stock (traded on the NYSE under the symbol “CCO”), the S&P 600 Index and the stock of peer issuers (Lamar Advertising Company and Outfront Media, Inc.), in each case from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2022. In order to calculate the cumulative total returns, the Company assumed $100 was invested on December 31, 2017 in our common stock and each of the aforementioned indices and stock of peer issuers and that any dividends were reinvested.
Indexed Yearly Stock Price Close
(Price Adjusted for Stock Splits and Dividends)
cco-20221231_g2.jpg
Source: Bloomberg
ITEM 6.  RESERVED
ITEM 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. 
The MD&A is organized as follows:
Overview – Discussion of the nature, key developments and trends of our business in order to provide context for the remainder of this MD&A.
Results of Operations – Analysis of our financial results of operations at the consolidated and segment levels.
Liquidity and Capital Resources – Analysis of our short- and long-term liquidity and discussion of our material cash requirements and the anticipated source of funds needed to satisfy such requirements.
Critical Accounting Estimates – Discussion of our material accounting estimates that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty, which we believe are most important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in our consolidated financial statements.
This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” contained in Item 1A within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
OVERVIEW
Description of Our Business and Segments
Our revenue is derived from selling advertising space on the out-of-home displays we own or operate in key markets worldwide using various digital and traditional display types. Historically, we had two reportable segments: Americas, which consisted of operations primarily in the U.S., and Europe, which consisted of operations in Europe and Singapore. Our remaining operating segment of Latin America did not meet the quantitative threshold to qualify as a reportable segment and was disclosed as “Other.”
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During the fourth quarter of 2022, we revised our segments to reflect changes in the way our business is managed and the way resources are allocated by our chief operating decision maker (our CEO). Effective December 31, 2022, we have four reportable segments: America, which consists of our U.S. operations excluding airports; Airports, which includes revenue from U.S. and Caribbean airports; Europe-North, which consists of operations in the U.K., the Nordics and several other countries throughout northern and central Europe; and Europe-South, which consists of operations in France, Switzerland, Spain and Italy. Our remaining operations in Latin America and Singapore are disclosed as “Other.” Prior to the sale of our stake in Clear Media on April 28, 2020, “Other” also included China.
We have conformed the segment disclosures for prior periods in this MD&A and throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the 2022 presentation. Refer to Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details regarding our segments.
COVID-19
Advertising revenue for our business is highly correlated to changes in GDP as advertising spending has historically trended in line with GDP, both domestically and internationally. As such, COVID-19, which had severe negative impacts on the global economy, also had a significant adverse impact on our results of operations during 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. As restrictions eased and vaccine programs were rolled out, we saw increases in mobility and corresponding positive trends in revenue, with consolidated revenue returning to growth in the second quarter of 2021 as compared to the prior year. However, we did not experience a return to our pre-COVID-19 historical seasonal levels of revenue until the fourth quarter of 2021. To a large extent, we continued to see revenues in line with, or exceeding, pre-COVID-19 levels during 2022, and we believe this rebound, together with new advertisers discovering our medium, will continue to drive growth in many of our markets in 2023 ahead of pre-COVID-19 revenue levels.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented various savings initiatives to increase our liquidity and preserve and strengthen our financial flexibility, including negotiating rent abatements with landlords and municipalities, receiving governmental support and subsidies, executing restructuring plans to reduce headcount and related costs, and reducing or deferring capital expenditures. As our operating performance improved, we reduced or ceased many of these temporary operating cost savings initiatives and increased our investment in our business through additional capital expenditures and asset acquisitions.
Macroeconomic Trends
In early 2022, worldwide inflation began to increase. While inflation affected our performance in 2022 as a result of higher costs for employees, electricity, materials and equipment, we believe we have partially offset these higher costs by increasing the effective advertising rates for most of our products, and to date, we have not suffered material impacts from the heightened levels of global inflation. In response to these heightened levels of inflation, central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, raised interest rates significantly in 2022, resulting in an increase in our weighted average cost of debt. Interest rates are expected to continue to increase in 2023, although at a slower rate.
Additionally, our international results are impacted by the economic conditions in the foreign markets in which we operate and by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. During 2022, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the Euro and British pound sterling, among other European currencies, resulting in an adverse impact on reported results in our Europe-North and Europe-South segments. The U.S. dollar may continue to strengthen against these foreign currencies if the U.S. Federal Reserve further raises the federal funds rate, which could result in downstream impacts to global exchange rates and further adverse impacts to our reported results in these segments.
The market risks that our business is subject to, including movements in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and inflation, are further described in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Strategic Review
Our Board has authorized a review of strategic alternatives for our European businesses, including the potential disposal of certain of our lower-margin European assets (and/or other European assets of lower priority to our European business as a whole), while retaining, for now, our higher-margin European assets.
In December 2022, we announced that we entered into an agreement to sell our business in Switzerland to Goldbach Group AG for cash consideration of approximately $92.7 million. The sale is expected to close in the second or third quarter of 2023, depending on the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
Our reviews of our European businesses remain ongoing. However, there can be no assurance that these reviews will result in any additional transactions or particular outcomes. We have not set a timetable for completion of these reviews, may suspend the processes at any time and do not intend to make further announcements regarding the processes for our European businesses unless and until our Board approves a specific course of action for which further disclosure is appropriate.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The discussion of our results of operations is presented on both a consolidated and segment basis. 
Our operating segment profit measure is Segment Adjusted EBITDA, which is calculated as revenue less direct operating expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding restructuring and other costs, which are defined as costs associated with cost-saving initiatives such as severance, consulting and termination costs and other special costs. The material components of Segment Adjusted EBITDA are discussed below on both a consolidated and segment basis. As discussed in this MD&A Overview, we changed our presentation of segment information during the fourth quarter of 2022 to reflect changes in the way the business is managed and resources are allocated. As such, the prior period segment information has been retrospectively revised to conform to the current period presentation.
Corporate expenses, depreciation and amortization, impairment charges, other operating income and expense, all non-operating income and expenses, and income taxes are managed on a consolidated company basis and are, therefore, included only in our discussion of consolidated results.
Revenue and expenses “excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates” in this MD&A are presented because management believes that viewing certain financial results without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates facilitates period-to-period comparisons of business performance and provides useful information to investors. Revenue and expenses “excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates” are calculated by converting the current period’s revenue and expenses in local currency to U.S. dollars using average monthly foreign exchange rates for the same period of the prior year.
Consolidated Results of Operations
(In thousands) Year Ended December 31,
  2022 2021 2020
Revenue $ 2,481,134  $ 2,241,118  $ 1,854,608 
Operating expenses:
Direct operating expenses(1)
1,327,979  1,270,258  1,201,208 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(1)
467,960  459,397  442,310 
Corporate expenses(1)
157,915  156,181  137,297 
Depreciation and amortization 253,809  253,155  269,421 
Impairment charges 39,546  118,950  150,400 
Other operating expense (income), net 2,386  (627) (53,614)
Operating income (loss) 231,539  (16,196) (292,414)
Interest expense, net (362,680) (350,457) (360,259)
Loss on extinguishment of debt —  (102,757) (5,389)
Other income (expense), net (35,079) 1,762  (170)
Loss before income taxes (166,220) (467,648) (658,232)
Income tax benefit 71,832  34,528  58,006 
Consolidated net loss (94,388) (433,120) (600,226)
Less amount attributable to noncontrolling interest 2,216  695  (17,487)
Net loss attributable to the Company $ (96,604) $ (433,815) $ (582,739)
(1)Excludes depreciation and amortization
Consolidated Revenue
Our revenue is derived from selling advertising space on the out-of-home displays we own or operate, consisting of roadside billboards, urban street furniture, airport advertising displays and other displays. Our asset portfolio consists of both print displays and digital displays.
Consolidated revenue increased $240.0 million, or 10.7%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $129.4 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, consolidated revenue increased $369.4 million, or 16.5%. As we have continued to recover from the adverse effects of COVID-19, we have seen increases in revenue across our portfolio. Excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, 2022 revenue exceeded 2019 revenue (pre-COVID-19 levels) in our America, Airports and Europe-North segments, while our Europe-South segment continues to recover.
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Consolidated revenue increased $386.5 million, or 20.8%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $33.9 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, consolidated revenue increased $352.6 million, or 19.0%. As we continued to recover from the adverse effects of COVID-19, we saw increases in revenue across our portfolio. This increase in revenue was partially offset by the sale of the Clear Media business in China on April 28, 2020.
Consolidated Direct Operating Expenses
Direct operating expenses primarily consist of site lease expenses, which include rent expense on both lease and non-lease contracts, as well as direct production, installation and maintenance expenses.
Our site lease expenses include payments for land or space used by our advertising displays, including minimum guaranteed payments and revenue-sharing arrangements.
Our direct production, installation and maintenance expenses include costs for printing, transporting, changing and maintaining the advertising copy on our displays, as well as cleaning and maintaining street furniture.
Consolidated direct operating expenses increased $57.7 million, or 4.5%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $86.2 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, consolidated direct operating expenses increased $143.9 million, or 11.3%, primarily driven by higher site lease expense due to higher revenue and lower rent abatements. We also incurred higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity, partially offset by lower costs for our restructuring plan to reduce headcount in our Europe-South segment.
Consolidated direct operating expenses increased $69.1 million, or 5.7%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $31.9 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, consolidated direct operating expenses increased $37.1 million, or 3.1%, largely due to higher site lease expense driven by higher revenue, partially offset by higher rent abatements. We also incurred higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity and, to a lesser extent, lower European governmental wage subsidies, as well as higher costs for our restructuring plans to reduce headcount. These increases were partially offset by the sale of the Clear Media business.
The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of consolidated direct operating expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Site lease expense $ 927,477  $ 832,533  $ 805,303 
Reductions of rent expense on lease and non-lease contracts from rent abatements
52,259  98,510  77,708 
Reductions of direct operating expenses from European governmental support and wage subsidies(1)
687  2,599  10,436 
Restructuring and other costs(2)
2,264  18,694  7,283 
(1)Includes rent subsidies of $0.8 million and $4.6 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2)Includes severance and related costs (reversals) for our restructuring plans to reduce headcount of $(0.5) million, $14.3 million and $4.1 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Consolidated Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses
SG&A expenses primarily consist of employee-related costs for our sales, marketing, segment leadership and support functions, as well as marketing costs, facilities and information technology costs, and other general costs.
Consolidated SG&A expenses increased $8.6 million, or 1.9%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $26.1 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, consolidated SG&A expenses increased $34.7 million, or 7.5%. Higher employee compensation costs, driven by improvements in operating performance and increased headcount, and higher credit loss expense, driven by an increase in current year revenue and prior year credit loss reductions due to COVID-19 recovery, were partially offset by lower costs for our restructuring plan to reduce headcount in our Europe-South segment.
Consolidated SG&A expenses increased $17.1 million, or 3.9%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $9.5 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, consolidated SG&A expenses increased $7.6 million, or 1.7%. Higher employee compensation costs, mainly driven by improvements in operating performance, and higher costs for our restructuring plans to reduce headcount were partially offset by lower credit loss expense related to our continued recovery from COVID-19 and the sale of the Clear Media business.
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The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of consolidated SG&A expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Reductions of SG&A expenses from European governmental wage subsidies $ 144  $ 1,814  $ 5,053 
Restructuring and other costs(1)
3,980  19,807  11,901 
(1)Includes severance and related costs for our restructuring plans to reduce headcount of $1.8 million, $16.5 million and $7.9 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Corporate Expenses
Corporate expenses primarily consist of infrastructure and support costs related to our information technology, human resources, legal, finance, business services and administrative functions, as well as overall executive leadership.
Corporate expenses increased $1.7 million, or 1.1%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $2.6 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, corporate expenses increased $4.4 million, or 2.8%, primarily due to higher employee compensation and travel costs, partially offset by lower professional fees.
Corporate expenses increased $18.9 million, or 13.8%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $3.3 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, corporate expenses increased $15.6 million, or 11.3%, primarily driven by higher employee compensation costs mainly related to improvements in operating performance.
The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of corporate expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Share-based compensation expense $ 21,148  $ 19,398  $ 13,235 
Restructuring and other costs(1)
10,000  9,339  13,758 
(1)Includes severance and related costs (reversals) for our restructuring plans to reduce headcount of $(0.5) million, $1.1 million and $2.5 million during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense includes depreciation of our advertising structures and other property, plant and equipment and amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets.
Depreciation and amortization increased $0.7 million, or 0.3%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $8.9 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, depreciation and amortization increased $9.6 million, or 3.8%. The increase was driven by a change in the classification of billboard permit intangible assets in our America segment from indefinite-lived to finite-lived in the fourth quarter of 2022, which increased amortization expense by $16.1 million compared to the same period of the prior year. Please refer to the “Critical Accounting Estimates” section of this MD&A and Note 2 in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details regarding this change, which is expected to have a material impact on amortization expense in future years. This was partially offset by the impact of other assets becoming fully depreciated.
Depreciation and amortization decreased $16.3 million, or 6.0%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $3.6 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, depreciation and amortization decreased $19.9 million, or 7.4%, mainly driven by the sale of the Clear Media business.
Impairment Charges
During 2022, we recognized total impairment charges of $39.5 million, including $21.8 million related to permits in our America segment driven by rising interest rates and inflation, $0.9 million on permanent easements in our America segment as a result of our annual impairment test, and $16.9 million related to the goodwill allocated to our Europe-South segment in conjunction with our change in segments.
During 2021, we recognized an impairment charge of $119.0 million related to permits in our America segment, driven by an increase in the discount rate and reduction in projected cash flows related to the negative impacts of COVID-19.
During 2020, we recognized total impairment charges of $150.4 million, including $140.7 million related to permits in our America segment and $9.7 million related to the goodwill allocated to our Latin America business. These impairment charges were primarily driven by reductions in projected cash flows related to the expected negative impacts of COVID-19.
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Other Operating Expense (Income), Net
Other operating expense, net, was $2.4 million during 2022. Costs related to the strategic reviews of our Europe businesses were largely offset by compensation received from local governments for the condemnation and removal of billboards, less a reduction in the underlying value of the condemned assets, in certain markets in our America segment.
Other operating income, net, was $0.6 million and $53.6 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. The income in 2020 was primarily driven by a gain on the sale of the Clear Media business of $75.2 million, partially offset by legal costs and consulting fees incurred related to the sale.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net, increased $12.2 million in 2022 compared to 2021 driven by higher interest rates on our Term Loan Facility. This was partially offset by lower interest rates as a result of refinancing our 9.25% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “CCWH Senior Notes”) in the first half of 2021 and, to a lesser extent, repayment of the $130.0 million draw under our Revolving Credit Facility in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Interest expense, net, decreased $9.8 million in 2021 compared to 2020. This decrease was mainly driven by lower interest on our Term Loan Facility due to a favorable change in the interest rate and the refinancing of the CCWH Senior Notes during the first half of 2021, partially offset by the issuance of the CCIBV Senior Secured Notes in August 2020.
Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
We did not extinguish any debt during 2022. In 2021, we recognized losses on extinguishment of debt of $102.8 million related to the redemption of the CCWH Senior Notes. In 2020, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.4 million related to the repayment of the CCIBV Promissory Note.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other expense, net, of $35.1 million in 2022 primarily resulted from net foreign exchange losses recognized in connection with intercompany notes denominated in a currency other than the functional currency, driven by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies, particularly the Euro and British pound sterling.
Other income, net, was $1.8 million in 2021, and other expense, net, was $0.2 million in 2020.
Income Tax Benefit
The effective tax rate for 2022 was 43.2%. This was primarily driven by a reduction in the valuation allowance related to the classification change of permit intangible assets from indefinite-lived to finite-lived for financial reporting purposes, partially offset by deferred tax expense of $7.4 million recorded as a result of entering into a definitive agreement to sell our business in Switzerland.
The effective tax rates for 2021 and 2020 were 7.4% and 8.8%, respectively. In both years, the benefit we received from reporting tax losses was partially offset by valuation allowances recorded against current period deferred tax assets in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions due to uncertainty regarding our ability to realize those assets in future periods. Additionally, we recorded $59.7 million of tax expense in 2020 as a result of selling our 50.91% stake in Clear Media.
For a full reconciliation of our effective tax rate to statutory rates and further explanation of our provision for taxes, please refer to Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
America Results of Operations
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenue $ 1,105,552  $ 1,013,290  $ 853,183 
Direct operating expenses(1)
412,302  376,898  377,464 
SG&A expenses(1)
195,316  175,526  167,774 
Segment Adjusted EBITDA 499,390  463,410  315,001 
(1)Includes restructuring and other costs that are excluded from Segment Adjusted EBITDA.
America Revenue
America revenue increased $92.3 million, or 9.1%, during 2022 compared to 2021. During 2021, America revenue was still adversely affected by COVID-19. However, as our America segment has recovered, we have seen increases in revenue across all of our products, most notably billboards, and in almost all of our markets. More than half of the total increase was driven by digital revenue, which increased 15.2% from 2021.
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America revenue increased $160.1 million, or 18.8%, during 2021 compared to 2020. As we continued to recover from the adverse effects of COVID-19, we saw increases in revenue across all of our products, most notably billboards, and in all of our markets. More than half of the total increase was driven by digital revenue, which increased 35.5% from 2020.
The following table provides information about America digital revenue:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Digital revenue $ 380,222  $ 329,938  $ 243,549 
Percent of total segment revenue 34.4  % 32.6  % 28.5  %
Revenue generated from national sales comprised 36.2%, 39.1% and 35.1% of America revenue for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, while the remainder of revenue was generated from local sales.
America Direct Operating Expenses
America direct operating expenses increased $35.4 million, or 9.4%, during 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due to higher site lease expense driven by higher revenue, new contracts and lower rent abatements.
America direct operating expenses decreased $0.6 million, or 0.1%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Lower site lease expense driven by higher rent abatements was largely offset by the impact of higher revenue on variable rent, as well as higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity.
The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of America direct operating expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Site lease expense $ 322,725  $ 291,769  $ 297,152 
Reductions of rent expense on lease and non-lease contracts from rent abatements 14,847  20,457  4,777 
America SG&A Expenses
America SG&A expenses increased $19.8 million, or 11.3%, during 2022 compared to 2021 largely due to higher credit loss expense, driven by an increase in current year revenue and prior year credit loss reductions due to COVID-19 recovery, and higher employee compensation costs, driven by increased headcount and sales commissions.
America SG&A expenses increased $7.8 million, or 4.6%, during 2021 compared to 2020 driven by higher employee compensation costs due to improvements in operating performance. This was partially offset by lower credit loss expense related to our continued recovery from COVID-19.
Airports Results of Operations
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenue 256,402  $ 160,330  $ 123,789 
Direct operating expenses(1)
163,638  98,548  95,369 
SG&A expenses(1)
31,900  24,898  23,555 
Segment Adjusted EBITDA 60,864  36,894  4,871 
(1)Includes restructuring and other costs that are excluded from Segment Adjusted EBITDA.
Airports Revenue
Airports revenue increased $96.1 million, or 59.9%, during 2022 compared to 2021 driven by additional demand for airport advertising due to increased air passenger volume as the travel industry continues to recover from COVID-19. A large portion of this increase was driven by digital revenue, which increased 71.3% from 2021.
Airports revenue increased $36.5 million, or 29.5%, during 2021 compared to 2020 driven by our new advertising sponsorship contract with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The majority of this increase was driven by digital revenue, which increased 54.3% from 2020.
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The following table provides information about Airports digital revenue:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Digital revenue $ 147,361  $ 86,014  $ 55,736 
Percent of total segment revenue 57.5  % 53.6  % 45.0  %
Revenue generated from national sales comprised 53.7%, 42.9% and 52.0% of Airports revenue for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, while the remainder of revenue was generated from local sales.
Airports Direct Operating Expenses
Airports direct operating expenses increased $65.1 million, or 66.0%, during 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due to higher site lease expense driven by higher revenue and, to a lesser extent, lower rent abatements.
Airports direct operating expenses increased $3.2 million, or 3.3%, during 2021 compared to 2020 primarily due to higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity. Lower site lease expense driven by higher rent abatements was offset by the impact of higher revenue on variable rent.
The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of Airports direct operating expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Site lease expense $ 145,227  $ 83,791  $ 84,553 
Reductions of rent expense on lease and non-lease contracts from rent abatements 32,092  49,762  32,348 
Airports SG&A Expenses
Airports SG&A expenses increased $7.0 million, or 28.1%, during 2022 compared to 2021 largely due to higher employee compensation costs driven by higher sales commissions and increased headcount.
Airports SG&A expenses increased $1.3 million, or 5.7%, during 2021 compared to 2020 primarily due to higher employee compensation costs mainly driven by improvements in operating performance.
Europe-North Results of Operations
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenue $ 566,119  $ 517,990  $ 406,783 
Direct operating expenses(1)
358,234  365,739  319,266 
SG&A expenses(1)
104,553  102,891  88,684 
Segment Adjusted EBITDA 103,654  53,981  2,677 
(1)Includes restructuring and other costs that are excluded from Segment Adjusted EBITDA.
Europe-North Revenue
Europe-North revenue increased $48.1 million, or 9.3%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $76.1 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-North revenue increased $124.2 million, or 24.0%. While 2021 revenues were still negatively impacted by COVID-19 in most countries, in 2022 we experienced incremental growth compared to 2019 (pre-COVID-19) revenue levels. We have seen year-over-year increases in revenue across our products, most notably transit and street furniture, and in almost all of the countries in which we operate, with the largest increases in Sweden, the U.K. and Norway. A large portion of the total increase was driven by digital revenue, which increased 19.4% from 2021, or 35.0% excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates.
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Europe-North revenue increased $111.2 million, or 27.3%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $24.6 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-North revenue increased $86.6 million, or 21.3%. As we continued to recover from the adverse effects of COVID-19, we saw increases in revenue across most of our products, most notably street furniture and retail displays, and in all of the countries in which we operate, with the largest increase in the U.K. A large portion of the total increase was driven by digital revenue, which increased 41.2% from 2020, or 34.1% excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates.
The following table provides information about Europe-North digital revenue:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Digital revenue $ 299,464  $ 250,901  $ 177,698 
Percent of total segment revenue 52.9  % 48.4  % 43.7  %
Digital revenue, excluding movements in foreign exchange rates(1):
2022 compared to 2021 338,631  250,901 
2021 compared to 2020 238,310  177,698 
(1)Amounts excluding movements in foreign exchange rates have been calculated by converting the latest period’s results in local currency to U.S. dollars using average monthly foreign exchange rates for the prior year.
Europe-North Direct Operating Expenses
Europe-North direct operating expenses decreased $7.5 million, or 2.1%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $46.7 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-North direct operating expenses increased $39.2 million, or 10.7%, due to higher site lease expense largely driven by higher revenue. We also experienced higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity, as well as higher maintenance expense.
Europe-North direct operating expenses increased $46.5 million, or 14.6%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $18.4 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-North direct operating expenses increased $28.0 million, or 8.8%, largely due to higher site lease expense driven by higher revenue and lower rent abatements and governmental rent subsidies. We also incurred higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity.
The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of Europe-North direct operating expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Site lease expense $ 221,326  $ 210,152  $ 185,574 
Site lease expense, excluding movements in foreign exchange rates(1):
2022 compared to 2021 250,525  210,152 
2021 compared to 2020 199,665  185,574 
Reductions of rent expense on lease and non-lease contracts from rent abatements 1,974  5,728  10,419 
Reductions of direct operating expenses from European governmental support and wage subsidies(2)
32  896  7,473 
(1)Amounts excluding movements in foreign exchange rates have been calculated by converting the latest period’s results in local currency to U.S. dollars using average monthly foreign exchange rates for the prior year.
(2)Includes rent subsidies of $0.8 million and $4.6 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Europe-North SG&A Expenses
Europe-North SG&A expenses increased $1.7 million, or 1.6%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $13.5 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-North SG&A expenses increased $15.2 million, or 14.8%, largely due to higher employee compensation costs driven by improvements in operating performance.
Europe-North SG&A expenses increased $14.2 million, or 16.0%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $5.3 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-North SG&A expenses increased $9.0 million, or 10.1%, primarily due to higher employee compensation costs driven by improvements in operating performance.
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Europe-South Results of Operations
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenue $ 467,106  $ 472,360  $ 385,326 
Direct operating expenses(1)
346,000  383,224  328,548 
SG&A expenses(1)
110,371  129,768  123,686 
Segment Adjusted EBITDA 15,201  (9,205) (60,040)
(1)Includes restructuring and other costs that are excluded from Segment Adjusted EBITDA.
Europe-South Revenue
Europe-South revenue decreased $5.3 million, or 1.1%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $52.5 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-South revenue increased $47.2 million, or 10.0%. As this segment continues to recover from the adverse effects of COVID-19, we have seen increases in revenue across most of our products, most notably street furniture. Higher revenue in France, Spain and Italy was partially offset by lower revenue in Switzerland driven by the loss of certain contracts. Europe-South digital revenue increased 13.2% from 2021, or 25.4% excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates.
Europe-South revenue increased $87.0 million, or 22.6%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $9.0 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-South revenue increased $78.1 million, or 20.3%. As we continued to recover from the adverse effects of COVID-19, we saw increases in revenue across all of our products, most notably street furniture, and in all of the countries in which we operate, with the largest increase in France. Europe-South digital revenue increased 45.1% from 2020, or 44.1% excluding the impact of movements in foreign exchange rates.
The following table provides information about Europe-South digital revenue:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Digital revenue $ 108,468  $ 95,832  $ 66,039 
Percent of total segment revenue 23.2  % 20.3  % 17.1  %
Digital revenue, excluding movements in foreign exchange rates(1):
2022 compared to 2021 120,142  95,832 
2021 compared to 2020 95,184  66,039 
(1)Amounts excluding movements in foreign exchange rates have been calculated by converting the latest period’s results in local currency to U.S. dollars using average monthly foreign exchange rates for the prior year.
Europe-South Direct Operating Expenses
Europe-South direct operating expenses decreased $37.2 million, or 9.7%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $38.6 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-South direct operating expenses increased $1.4 million, or 0.4%. Higher site lease expense and other costs were offset by lower costs for our restructuring plan to reduce headcount. The increase in site lease expense was driven by a reduction in negotiated rent abatements, partially offset by the loss of certain contracts in Switzerland.
Europe-South direct operating expenses increased $54.7 million, or 16.6%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $13.3 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-South direct operating expenses increased $41.3 million, or 12.6%, largely due to higher site lease expense driven by lower negotiated rent abatements and higher revenue. We also incurred higher costs for our restructuring plan to reduce headcount, as well as higher production and installation expenses driven by increased sales activity.
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The following table provides additional information about certain drivers of Europe-South direct operating expenses:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Site lease expense $ 206,999  $ 217,249  $ 188,089 
Site lease expense, excluding movements in foreign exchange rates(1):
2022 compared to 2021 229,525  217,249 
2021 compared to 2020 210,322  188,089 
Reductions of rent expense on lease and non-lease contracts from rent abatements 915  21,471  27,385 
Reductions of direct operating expenses from European governmental wage subsidies 641  1,709  2,520 
(1)Amounts excluding movements in foreign exchange rates have been calculated by converting the latest period’s results in local currency to U.S. dollars using average monthly foreign exchange rates for the prior year.
Europe-South SG&A Expenses
Europe-South SG&A expenses decreased $19.4 million, or 14.9%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $12.4 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-South SG&A expenses decreased $7.0 million, or 5.4%, driven by lower costs for our restructuring plan to reduce headcount. This was partially offset by higher employee compensation costs driven by improvements in operating performance, as well as increases in professional fees and other costs.
Europe-South SG&A expenses increased $6.1 million, or 4.9%, during 2021 compared to 2020. Excluding the $4.3 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Europe-South SG&A expenses increased $1.7 million, or 1.4%, driven by higher costs for our restructuring plan to reduce headcount. This was partially offset by lower professional fees and facilities costs.
Other Results of Operations
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenue $ 85,955  $ 77,148  $ 85,527 
Direct operating expenses(1)
47,805  45,849  80,561 
SG&A expenses(1)
25,820  26,314  38,611 
Segment Adjusted EBITDA(2)
12,330  4,884  (32,235)
(1)Includes restructuring and other costs that are excluded from Segment Adjusted EBITDA.
(2)Our Latin America and Singapore businesses represented ($5.6) million of Other Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Other Revenue
Other revenue increased $8.8 million, or 11.4%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $0.8 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Other revenue increased $9.6 million, or 12.5%, driven by our continued recovery from COVID-19.
Other revenue decreased $8.4 million, or 9.8%, during 2021 compared to 2020, driven by the sale of the Clear Media business. Revenues from our Latin America and Singapore businesses were $77.1 million and $56.2 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively, with the increase related to our continued recovery from COVID-19. Excluding the $0.3 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Other revenue decreased $8.7 million, or 10.2%.
Other Direct Operating Expenses
Other direct operating expenses increased $2.0 million, or 4.3%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $0.9 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Other direct operating expenses increased $2.8 million, or 6.2%, driven by higher site lease expense related to higher revenue.
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Other direct operating expenses decreased $34.7 million, or 43.1%, during 2021 compared to 2020, driven by the sale of the Clear Media business. Direct operating expenses from our Latin America and Singapore businesses were $45.8 million and $40.1 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively, with the increase primarily driven by higher site lease expense related to higher revenue. Excluding the $0.1 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Other direct operating expenses decreased $34.8 million, or 43.2%.
Other SG&A Expenses
Other SG&A expenses decreased $0.5 million, or 1.9%, during 2022 compared to 2021. Excluding the $0.2 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Other SG&A expenses decreased $0.3 million, or 1.1%.
Other SG&A expenses decreased $12.3 million, or 31.8%, during 2021 compared to 2020, driven by the sale of the Clear Media business. SG&A expenses from our Latin America and Singapore businesses were $26.3 million and $23.0 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively, with the increase driven by higher employee compensation costs mainly due to improvements in operating performance. Excluding the $0.1 million impact of movements in foreign exchange rates, Other SG&A expenses decreased $12.2 million, or 31.6%.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Liquidity Analysis
Short-Term Liquidity
Our main cash requirements are for working capital used to fund the operations of the business, capital expenditures and debt service. We typically meet these requirements with cash on hand, internally-generated cash flow from operations and, if necessary, borrowings under our credit facilities. We believe that our current sources of funds will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months.
Long-Term Liquidity
Our long-term future cash requirements will depend on many factors, including the growth of our business, investments in new technologies and the pursuit and outcome of strategic opportunities, including the outcome of the strategic reviews of our European businesses. In addition, we have long-term cash requirements related to the repayment of our outstanding debt, which is scheduled to mature over the next seven years. We believe that our sources of funds will be adequate to meet our cash requirements in the long-term.
However, our ability to meet these cash requirements through cash from operations will depend on our future operating results and financial performance, which are subject to significant uncertainty and may be affected by events beyond our control, including macro-economic events such as heightened inflation, higher interest rates, currency fluctuations, slower economic growth or recession, financial and industry conditions, and geopolitical events such as the war in Ukraine. Other than higher interest rates and currency fluctuations, these events have not had a material effect on our results to date. Please refer to Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details about our market risks. Additionally, our significant interest payment obligations reduce our financial flexibility, make us more vulnerable to changes in operating performance and economic downturns generally, and reduce our liquidity over time.
We regularly consider, and enter into discussions with our lenders and other parties related to, potential financing alternatives. In the future, we may need to obtain supplemental liquidity through additional financing from banks or other lenders, public offerings or private placements of debt, equity or equity-linked securities, strategic relationships or other arrangements, or from a combination of these sources. However, there can be no assurance that financing alternatives will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us in the future due to market conditions, our financial condition, our liquidity constraints or other factors, many of which are beyond our control, and even if financing alternatives are available to us, we may not find them suitable or at reasonable interest rates. In addition, the terms of our existing or future debt agreements may restrict us from securing financing on terms that are available to us at that time or at all.
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash through our operations or obtain sources of supplemental liquidity as needed, we could face substantial liquidity problems, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and on our ability to meet our obligations.
Cash Requirements
Working Capital Needs
We utilize working capital to fund the operations of our business and have certain related contractual obligations, including commitments under site leases and other non-cancelable contracts.
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Site Lease Expense
One of our largest cash requirements is for site lease costs, which includes payments for land or space used by our advertising displays for both lease and non-lease contracts, including minimum guaranteed payments and revenue-sharing arrangements. We lease the majority of the land occupied by our billboard structures under long-term site leases that typically have initial terms of up to 20 years. Additionally, most of our street furniture, airport and other displays are operated through long-term contracts, many of which contain rent provisions that are calculated as the greater of a percentage of the relevant advertising revenue or a specified guaranteed minimum annual payment. Many of our lease agreements contain renewal options and annual rent escalation clauses.
In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we incurred site lease expense of $927.5 million, $832.5 million and $805.3 million, respectively, which are included within direct operating expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Loss. In order to better align fixed site lease expenses with the reductions in revenue we experienced due to COVID-19, we successfully renegotiated contracts with landlords and municipalities throughout our business. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we reduced our site lease expense by rent abatements of $52.3 million, $98.5 million and $77.7 million, respectively. As our business continues to recover from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are receiving fewer rent abatements.
As of December 31, 2022, we had short-term future cash obligations related to site lease expense under non-cancelable operating leases and other non-cancelable contracts of $631.0 million (excluding obligations related to our business in Switzerland, which is held for sale) to be paid in the next 12 months. Please refer to Notes 7 and 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our total future cash obligations under these contracts, including schedules of future minimum payments.
Restructuring Plans
In 2020 we committed to restructuring plans to reduce headcount throughout our business, primarily in response to the impact of COVID-19, which we completed in 2021. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, we made cash expenditures for these restructuring plans of $16.5 million, $13.4 million and $8.8 million, respectively, and as of December 31, 2022, we had $7.2 million of future cash obligations related to our Europe restructuring plan. We expect to pay most of this balance by the end of the second quarter of 2023, and remaining costs are not expected to be significant. Please refer to Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.
Capital Expenditures and Asset Acquisitions
Our capital expenditures primarily relate to construction and sustaining activities for our out-of-home advertising displays. The primary driver of our capital expenditure requirements is the construction of new advertising structures, including the continued deployment of digital displays in accordance with our long-term strategy to digitize our network. We believe our cash flow from operations will generally be sufficient to fund these expenditures.
Beginning in 2020, we reduced or deferred capital expenditures as part of our strategy to increase our liquidity and preserve and strengthen our financial flexibility given the adverse financial impacts and economic uncertainty resulting from COVID-19. As our operating performance has improved, we have increased our investment in our business through capital expenditures and asset acquisitions.
We made the following capital expenditures in 2022, 2021 and 2020:
(In thousands) Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021
2020
America
$ 79,529  $ 56,898  $ 50,665 
Airports 25,298  11,600  5,647 
Europe-North
34,025  36,914  16,424 
Europe-South 29,011  25,362  26,599 
Other(1)
4,571  4,884  12,121 
Corporate 12,245  12,348  12,706 
Total capital expenditures(2)
$ 184,679  $ 148,006  $ 124,162 
(1)Other capital expenditures during 2020 included expenditures of $5.0 million related to our Latin America and Singapore businesses.
(2)Excludes asset acquisitions
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During 2022 and 2021, we completed several acquisitions of out-of-home advertising assets in our America segment for total cash consideration of $62.0 million and $18.5 million, respectively. These asset acquisitions included permits, land, permanent easements and digital billboard structures. During 2020, cash paid for asset acquisitions was $1.3 million.
As of December 31, 2022, we had short-term future capital expenditure commitments of $89.6 million to be paid in the next 12 months related to certain transit and street furniture contracts that require minimum purchases of property, plant and equipment, as well as certain contracts that contain penalties for not fulfilling our commitments related to our obligations to build bus stops, kiosks and other public amenities or advertising structures. Please refer to Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our total future capital expenditure commitments, including a schedule of future minimum payments.
Debt Service Obligations
A substantial amount of our cash requirements is for debt service obligations. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we paid interest of $341.4 million, $387.6 million and $323.8 million, respectively.
In the first half of 2021, we refinanced the CCWH Senior Notes with the CCOH 7.75% Senior Notes and CCOH 7.5% Senior Notes. Differences in timing of the semi-annual interest payment dates between the new and refinanced debt resulted in a temporary increase in cash paid for interest in 2021. Additionally, the first interest payments on the CCIBV Senior Secured Notes were made in 2021.
In 2022, we realized the full benefit of the lower interest rates on the refinanced debt, but these savings were offset by the effect of higher variable interest rates on the Term Loan Facility.
We anticipate having cash interest payments of $413.0 million in 2023 and $398.5 million in 2024, assuming that we do not refinance or incur additional debt. The expected increase from cash interest paid in 2022 is driven by the effect of higher variable interest rates on our Term Loan Facility.
Additionally, during each of 2022, 2021 and 2020, we made $20.0 million of principal payments on the Term Loan Facility in accordance with the terms of the Senior Secured Credit Agreement, and we will continue to make principal payments of $5.0 million per quarter until the remaining balance matures. Our next material debt maturity is in 2025 when the CCIBV Senior Secured Notes are due. At our option, we may redeem a portion of our outstanding debt prior to maturity in accordance with the terms of our debt agreements. Please refer to Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on our outstanding long-term debt, including a schedule of future maturities.
Sources of Capital and Liquidity
Cash On Hand
As of December 31, 2022, we had $286.8 million of cash on our balance sheet, including $102.8 million of cash held outside the U.S. by our subsidiaries (excludes cash held by our business in Switzerland, which is held for sale). Excess cash from our foreign operations may be transferred to our operations in the U.S. if needed to fund operations in the U.S., subject to the foreseeable cash needs of our foreign operations and restrictions in the indenture governing the CCIBV Senior Secured Notes. We could presently repatriate excess cash with minimal U.S. tax consequences, as calculated for tax law purposes, and dividend distributions from our international subsidiaries may be exempt from U.S. federal income tax.
Cash Flow from Operations
Net cash provided by operating activities primarily results from cash collected from customers for use of our out-of-home advertising space, offset by cash payments made for site leases; production, maintenance and installation costs; employee compensation; marketing, facility and information technology costs; interest on our debt; taxes; and other general corporate expenditures.
We have historically generated positive net cash flow from operations. However, we used net cash for operating activities during the periods in which we were negatively impacted by COVID-19, specifically 2020 and 2021, as cash paid for interest in these periods exceeded other net cash inflows from operations. We returned to positive operating cash flows in 2022 as stronger cash collections from customers, driven by improvements in revenue and our continued recovery from COVID-19, exceeded aggregate cash payments to vendors, lessors, employees and lenders.
In 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $140.0 million. Higher cash collections from customers more than offset increased cash payments driven by higher site lease, employee compensation and other costs. Additionally, cash paid for interest of $341.4 million was lower than interest paid during the prior year primarily due to the refinancing of the CCWH Senior Notes, as previously described.
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In 2021, net cash used for operating activities was $133.5 million. Cash paid for interest was $387.6 million. Cash collections from customers exceeded cash payments to vendors (including site lease costs) and our employees; however, collections earlier in the period lagged primarily due to COVID-19’s impact on fourth quarter 2020 and first quarter 2021 sales. Additionally, cash payments during the period included the payment of site lease costs that were deferred from 2020.
In 2020, net cash used for operating activities was $137.8 million. Cash paid for interest was $323.8 million. Cash collections from customers exceeded cash payments to vendors (including site lease costs) and our employees; however, cash collections primarily later in the period lagged due to COVID-19’s impact on sales and our collection cycle. This adverse impact was partially mitigated by initiatives that we implemented to reduce our expenditures, including the deferral of rent payments and temporary reductions in compensation costs.
Credit Facilities
We have access to a Revolving Credit Facility and Receivables-Based Credit Facility, both of which include sub-facilities for letters of credit and short-term borrowings and are scheduled to mature on August 23, 2024. During 2020, we made a cautionary draw of $150.0 million under our Revolving Credit Facility to enhance liquidity and preserve financial flexibility during the economic downturn resulting from COVID-19. We have since repaid the entire balance, including $20.0 million in 2020 and the remaining $130.0 million in 2021.
The table below presents our borrowings and excess availability under these credit facilities as of December 31, 2022. We may request incremental credit commitments under each facility at any time, subject to customary conditions; however, the lenders under such facilities do not have an obligation to provide incremental commitments.
(in millions) Revolving Credit Facility Receivables-Based Credit Facility Total Credit Facilities
Borrowing limit(1)
$ 175.0  $ 125.0  $ 300.0 
Borrowings outstanding —  —  — 
Letters of credit outstanding 43.2  42.2  85.4 
Excess availability $ 131.8  $ 82.8  $ 214.6 
(1)The borrowing limit of the Receivables-Based Credit Facility is equal to the lesser of $125.0 million and the borrowing base, which is calculated based on our accounts receivable balance each period in accordance with our Receivables-Based Credit Agreement.
Please refer to Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details on each of these credit facilities.
Dispositions
In 2022, we received cash proceeds from the disposal of assets of $27.1 million, including compensation received from local governments for the condemnation and removal of billboards in certain markets in our America segment. In 2021, cash proceeds from the disposal of assets were $13.2 million, and in 2020, we received $216.0 million of net proceeds from the sale of our Clear Media business, which is net of cash retained by Clear Media.
We expect to receive cash proceeds of CHF 86.0 million (approximately $92.7 million based on exchange rates on the date of the agreement) from the sale of our business in Switzerland, which is expected to close in the second or third quarter of 2023 depending on satisfaction of conditions to closing. We have entered into a hedge arrangement to mitigate exchange-rate risk related to these proceeds and estimate cash taxes due in connection with the sale will be less than $5 million. We intend to use the anticipated net proceeds from the sale to improve our liquidity position and increase financial flexibility, subject to any limitations set forth in our debt agreements.
Debt Activity
For a summary of our debt activity during 2020, refer to Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.
In February 2021, we issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of CCOH 7.75% Senior Notes and, in March 2021, used the net proceeds to redeem $940.0 million of the CCWH Senior Notes at 104.625% of their principal amount. In June 2021, we issued $1.05 billion aggregate principal amount of CCOH 7.5% Senior Notes and used the net proceeds to redeem the remaining outstanding $961.5 million of CCWH Senior Notes, also at 104.625% of their principal amount.
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In June 2021, a non-guarantor European subsidiary borrowed €30.0 million through a state-guaranteed loan program established in response to COVID-19. In April 2022, as permitted under the terms of the loan agreement, we elected to extend the maturity date of this loan to June 29, 2027, with quarterly principal repayments of €1.875 million due beginning in September 2023. The annual interest rate on this loan for periods after June 2022 is 0.7% (with no interest due prior thereto), and the annual cost of the state guarantee is 1.0% of the outstanding loan amount through June 29, 2024 and 2.0% of the outstanding loan amount for the remainder of the loan term.
We did not enter into any significant debt transactions during 2022.
Debt Covenants
Our debt agreements contain certain debt covenants, as described in Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in our debt agreements. Further information regarding our compliance with the springing financial covenant required by the Senior Secured Credit Agreement is provided below.
Senior Secured Credit Agreement Financial Covenant
The Senior Secured Credit Agreement contains a springing financial covenant, applicable solely to the Revolving Credit Facility if the balance of the Revolving Credit Facility is greater than $0 and undrawn letters of credit exceed $10 million, that requires compliance with a first lien net leverage ratio of 7.10 to 1.00. Our first lien leverage ratio, which is calculated by dividing first lien debt by EBITDA (as defined by the Senior Secured Credit Agreement) for the preceding four quarters, was 5.18 to 1.00 as of December 31, 2022. First lien debt and EBITDA are presented herein because they are material components of the calculation of the first lien leverage ratio.
First Lien Debt
The following table presents a calculation of our first lien debt as of December 31, 2022:
(In millions) December 31,
2022
Term Loan Facility $ 1,935.0 
Revolving Credit Facility — 
Receivables-Based Credit Facility — 
Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings 5.125% Senior Secured Notes Due 2027 1,250.0 
Other debt 4.7 
Less: Cash and cash equivalents(1)
(287.4)
First lien debt(2)
$ 2,902.3 
(1)Includes cash and cash equivalents of our business in Switzerland, which is held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022. Please refer to Note 16 in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.
(2)Due to rounding, the total may not equal the sum of the line items in the table above.
EBITDA
As required by the definition of “EBITDA” in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement, our EBITDA for the preceding four quarters of $559.9 million is calculated as operating income (loss) before depreciation and amortization, impairment charges and share-based compensation, further adjusted for charges, expenses or reserves in respect of any restructuring, relocation, redundancy or severance expense or one-time compensation charges and various other items.
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    The following table reconciles EBITDA to operating income and net cash provided by operating activities for the four quarters ended December 31, 2022:
Four Quarters Ended
(In millions) December 31,
2022
EBITDA (as defined by the Senior Secured Credit Agreement)
$ 559.9 
Depreciation and amortization, impairment charges and share-based compensation (314.5)
Charges, expenses or reserves in respect of any restructuring, relocation, redundancy or severance expense or one-time compensation charges (9.1)
Other items (4.8)
Operating income(1)
231.5 
Interest expense, net; other expense, net and income tax benefit (325.9)
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Reconciling items for non-cash and non-operating activity(2)
610.2 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (375.8)
Net cash provided by operating activities(1)
$ 140.0 
(1)Due to rounding, the total may not equal the sum of the line items in the table above.
(2)Includes depreciation, amortization and impairment charges; non-cash operating lease expense; deferred taxes; share-based compensation; amortization of deferred financing charges and note discounts; credit loss expense; gain on disposal of operating and other assets, net; foreign exchange transaction loss and other reconciling items.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates that are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these evaluations form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such difference could be material. 
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and they require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The following narrative describes these critical accounting estimates, management's judgments and assumptions, and the effect if actual results differed from these assumptions.
Long-lived Assets
We estimate the useful lives for our long-lived assets, including structures, other property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangibles, based on our historical experience and our plans regarding how we intend to use those assets. Advertising structures have different lives depending on their nature, with large format bulletins generally having longer depreciable lives and posters and other displays having shorter depreciable lives. Transit, street furniture and other contractual rights are depreciated over their estimated useful lives or appropriate contractual periods, whichever is shorter.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, we concluded that due to changes in facts and circumstances, our billboard permits, which were previously classified as indefinite-lived, should start being amortized over an estimate of their remaining useful life. Specifically, as we plan to accelerate the digitization of our network of billboard assets as a key component of our business strategy, the estimated useful lives of the original permits applicable to the static assets are no longer indefinite. As such, beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, we began to amortize our permits on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.
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Our experience indicates that the estimated useful lives applied to our portfolio of assets have been reasonable, and we do not expect significant changes to the estimated useful lives of our long-lived assets in the future. When we determine that a long-lived asset will be disposed of prior to the end of its useful life, we estimate the revised useful life and depreciate the remaining net book value of the asset over the revised period.
We review long-lived assets for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that depreciable and amortizable long-lived assets might be impaired and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts. When specific assets are determined to be unrecoverable, we reduce the cost basis of the asset to reflect the current fair market value. We did not recognize any impairments on our long-lived assets in 2022, 2021 or 2020.
We use various assumptions in determining the remaining useful lives of assets to be disposed of prior to the end of their useful lives and in determining the current fair market value of long-lived assets that are determined to be unrecoverable. Estimated useful lives and fair values are sensitive to factors including contractual commitments, regulatory requirements, future expected cash flows, industry growth rates, discount rates and future salvage values. Our impairment loss calculations require management to apply judgment in estimating future cash flows, including forecasting useful lives of the assets and selecting the discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in future cash flows. If actual results are not consistent with our assumptions and judgments used in estimating future cash flows and asset fair values, we may be exposed to future impairment losses that could be material to our results of operations.
Annual Impairment Tests
We perform impairment tests on indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill at least annually, as of July 1 of each year, and more frequently as events or changes in circumstances warrant. During the second quarter of 2022, we performed an impairment test on certain of our then-indefinite-lived billboard permits due to rising interest rates and inflation, resulting in an impairment charge of $21.8 million. Additionally, we performed our annual impairment tests on indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill as of July 1, 2022, which resulted in an impairment charge of $0.9 million on our permanent easements.
As previously described, we revised our segments as of December 31, 2022 to reflect changes in the way the business is managed and resources are allocated by our CEO. We tested goodwill for impairment immediately before and after the change and recorded an impairment charge of $16.9 million on the goodwill allocated to our Europe-South reporting unit as its fair value based on the projected cash flows was lower than its carrying value.
Management’s judgements and assumptions used in our impairment tests are detailed below. The assumptions used to perform our impairment tests are not indicative of future results. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and utilized appropriate assumptions to calculate the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and reporting units, it is possible that a material change could occur. If future results are not consistent with our assumptions and estimates, or if the current macroeconomic situation worsens, we may be exposed to additional impairment charges in the future.
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
We review our indefinite-lived intangible assets for possible impairment using the direct valuation method as prescribed in ASC Section 805-20-S99. Our key assumptions using the direct valuation method are market revenue growth rates, market share, profit margin, duration and profile of the build-up period, estimated start-up capital costs and losses incurred during the build-up period, the risk-adjusted discount rate and terminal values. This data is populated using industry-normalized information representing an average asset within a market, and we engage a third-party valuation firm to assist with the development of our assumptions used to determine the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets.
In determining the fair value of our then-indefinite-lived billboard permits as of July 1, 2022, we used the following key assumptions:
Industry revenue growth forecasts used for the initial four-year period, which varied by market, started with the trailing twelve month forecast period ending July 1, 2022, and annual revenue growth on average of 6.1% was assumed from year two to year four;
Revenue growth beyond the initial four-year period was assumed to be 3.0%;
Revenue grew over a build-up period, reaching maturity by the second year;
The operating industry average margin was assumed to be 39%; and
The assumed discount rate was 11.5%
In conjunction with the change in classification of our billboard permits from indefinite-lived to finite-lived in the fourth quarter of 2022, we tested our permits for impairment as of October 1, 2022, immediately prior to the change in useful life, which did not result in any additional impairment charges. In determining the fair value of our then-indefinite-lived billboard permits as of October 1, 2022, we used the following key assumptions:
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Industry revenue growth forecasts used for the initial four-year period, which varied by market, started with the trailing twelve month forecast period ending October 1, 2022, and annual revenue growth on average of 5.4% was assumed from year two to year four;
Revenue growth beyond the initial four-year period was assumed to be 3.0%;
Revenue grew over a build-up period, reaching maturity by the second year;
The operating industry average margin was assumed to be 39%; and
The assumed discount rate was 11.0%
The following table shows the decrease in the fair value of our billboard permits that would have resulted from decreases of 100 basis points in our discrete and terminal period revenue growth rate and profit margin assumptions and an increase of 100 basis points in our discount rate assumption as of each of the impairment testing dates:
(In thousands) Revenue growth rate Profit margin Discount rate
Decrease in fair value of billboard permits: (100 basis point decrease) (100 basis point decrease)